Introduction: Peptic ulcer disease represents a worldwide health problem because of its high morbidity, mortality and economic loss. It is a very prevalent condition affecting around 10%-15% of the general population worldwide. Most of the available antiulcer drugs are costly and have an incidence of relapse, drug interactions and several side effects upon chronic usage. Hence, the use of herbal medicine may be safe, economical and effective in such cases when drugs are used for long periods. Ethnobotanical reports showed traditional claims on the use of Cordia africana seeds for the treatment of gastric ulcers. However, the safety and efficacy of these remedies are not well known. The aim of this study is, therefore, to evaluate the antiulcer activity and safety of a crude extract of C. africana seeds in animal models. Methods: Shade-dried seeds of C. africana were extracted by 80% methanol and dried by the rotator evaporator and lyophilized. The crude extract was used to evaluate antiulcer activity in vivo with pylorus ligation method, on Wistar albino rats weighing 230-250g. Preliminary phytochemical screening was performed using a standard procedure. Acute toxicity study was carried out in Swiss albino mice before antiulcer activity tests. Results: No sign of toxicity was observed upon the administration of 2000 mg/kg of the crude extract to mice. Single-dose administration of 400 and 600 mg/kg extract showed a significant reduction in the volume of secretion and acidity of the stomach (p <0.01). The doses 400 and 600 mg/kg have reduced the ulcer score by 83.58% and 88%. Conclusion:The result of this study showed that the hydromethanolic crude extract of C. africana has strong antisecretory and ulcer protective activities against ulcers produced by pylorus ligation.

Introduction: Mass media are often essential to communicate health messages. Women's exposure to mass media remained low in Ethiopia. Evidence was scarce on underlined factors for enhancing women's exposure to mass media.Objective: This study aimed to assess factors associated with women's exposure to mass media in Ethiopia. Methods:The study was a secondary data analysis of the Ethiopian demographic and health survey 2016. A casecontrol study applied with frequency matching by place of residence and women's educational levels using a 1:1 ratio. A total of 9885 participants (4824 cases and 5061 controls) were involved in the study. Cases were women who had exposure and controls were who did not have exposure to mass media. Women's exposure to mass media is defined as the total number of women aged 15-49 who report exposure to either radio, television, newspapers, or magazines at least once a week. Logistic regressions analysis was conducted and the level of statistical significance was determined by a p-value of less than 0.05to identify factors associated with women's exposure to mass media. Result: Being in Women's age group 30-34 years (AOR = 1.19,95% C.I:1.04-1.35), having own mobile phones (AOR = 1.92,95% C.I:1.71-2.15), women ever used internet (AOR = 1.56,95% C.I:1.13-2.13), Women in the female-headed household (AOR = 0.76,95%C.I:0.68-0.86), Women in middle (AOR = 1.48,95%C.I:1.25-1.76), richer (AOR = 2.13,95%C.I:1.82-2.49) and richest (AOR = 2.67,95% C.I:2.22-3.21) wealth index, and women visited by health care provider (AOR = 1.41,95% C.I:1.17-1.71) were factors affecting women's exposure to mass media. Conclusion: Women's access to mobile phones, internet, and care provider counseling were facilitating factors for exposure to mass media. Younger age women, lower wealth quantile, and female headship in the household were risk factors for the non-exposure of women to mass media. Empowering household wealth and improving access to ICT could improve women's exposure to mass media.

Background: Even though there have been tremendous strides globally in reducing the burden of tetanus, neonatal deaths due to tetanus have reported annually, and most deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa which accounts for nearly half of the global neonatal mortality by tetanus. Immunization of pregnant women or women of childbearing age with at least two doses of tetanus toxoid is estimated to reduce mortality from neonatal tetanus by 94%. Despite its importance, immunization programs are suboptimal in Ethiopia, where more than 85% of the population have resides in rural districts. Therefore, this study has been used to determine the coverage and determinants of protective dose tetanus vaccine among postnatal women and design a strategy to maximize the service. Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 20-June 20, 2019. The sample was taken using a systematic random sampling method. To collect data from the study participants, a semistructured interviewer-administered and pre-tested questionnaire was used. The data were entered into Epi info version 7.0 and then exported to SPSS version 20.0 for analysis. Logistic regressions analysis was conducted and the level of statistical significance was determined by a p-value of less than 0.05. Results: The proportion of immunization with Tetanus toxoid protective dose was 69.8% (95% CI: 65.2-74.0). Urban residence (AOR = 3.626, 95%CI: 1.510-8.707), husband's having secondary education (AOR = 7.397, 95%CI: 1.873-29.211), husband's having tertiary education (AOR = 9.539, 95%CI: 2.277-39.969), women stated that the provision of TT vaccine service was good (AOR = 3.978,) and mother stated health care workers who provide TT vaccine were good in their behavior (AOR = 4.259, 95%CI: 1.913-9.484) were factors influencing utilization of TT protective dose immunization. Conclusion:The proportion of TT protective dose immunization in the study area was found to be low. Being Urban residence, secondary and tertiary levels of the husband's educational status, women who stated that 'the provision of TT vaccine service was good' and "health care workers who provide TT vaccine were good in their behavior were statistically significant factors influencing TT protective dose immunization. Thus, it is better to strengthening education and empowering women to enhance vaccine utilization. Besides, promoting husband's education and creating community awareness particularly rural residents are better options to increase utilization of TT protective dose vaccine.

Background: Female Genital cutting is one of the cultural rituals whose origin can be traced to ancient times. Female genital cutting is still highly prevalent in the developing countries in Asia and many areas Africa including Ethiopia. Determining the distribution of female genital cutting is vital to address the problem and therefore, the aim of this study is to assess Spatial distribution and associated factors of Female Genital Cutting among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia. Methods: This was a secondary data analysis of the Ethiopian demographic and health survey 2016. About 15,683 women in the reproductive age group were included in the study. Bernoulli model was used to investigate the presence of purely spatial clusters of female genital cutting using SaTScan™ software version 9.6. Both bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions analysis was conducted and the level of statistical significance was determined by a p-value of less than 0.05. Ordinary Kriging spatial interpolation method was used for predictions of female genital cutting in unobserved areas of Ethiopia. Results: The prevalence of female genital cutting in Ethiopia was 66.9% (95% CI 65.85%-67.93%). Being Muslim Religion follower (AOR = 2.17, 95% CI 1.79 to 2.53), Husbands being primary educated (AOR = 0.51, 95%CI 0.33 to 0.77), Residing in a rural area (AOR = 2.12, 95%CI 1.08 to 4.17), women being wealth index category middle (AOR = 1.55, 95%CI 1.12 to 2.14) and rich (AOR = 1.56, 95%CI 1.07 to 2.25), and being respondents age group of 20-34 (AOR = 1.77, 95%CI 1.10 to 2.85) and 35-49 (AOR = 2.44, 95%CI 1.46 to 4.08) were significantly associated with female genital cutting. Conclusion: Female genital cutting is found to be high. Increased Respondent's age group, being Muslim Religion follower, residing in a rural area, higher husband education, being in higher Wealth index, and residing in region other than Gambela and Tigray were contributing factors of female genital cutting in Ethiopia. Therefore, the effort shall be towards and promoting the husbands' education to decrease female genital cutting.