Background: Over the past decade, the use of electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) devices such as ecigarettes has increased dramatically, particularly among students and other transitional-age youth. Societal norms and the variety of ENDS devices available have also evolved dramatically in recent years. Objective. This article provides a comprehensive review and synthesis of contemporary literature, as it relates to ENDS use among transitional age youth. Method: Over 125 peer reviewed studies, literature syntheses, legal reports and contemporary media works focused on ENDS use and vaping were reviewed. Results: Marketing strategies for ENDS devices have primarily targeted teens and young adults. Though ENDS devices are advertised as a safer alternative to cigarettes, accumulating data demonstrate significant health risks and consequences associated with use. The long-term health effects remain largely unknown, however detrimental acute effects are apparent. Further, rather that aiding in tobacco cessation efforts, use of ENDS by transitional age youth is correlated with increased use of conventional tobacco products and other substances of abuse. Students appear to be ill-informed regarding the dangers of using ENDS products. Conclusion: Given the rapid increase in ENDS users each year, and accumulating concerns about health risks associated with use, university student health services must be prepared to address this growing problem. As clinical practice guidelines do not yet exist to encourage ENDS-product cessation, use of the evidence-based strategies developed for tobacco cessation are advised. More research is needed to determine the most effective methods to prevent initiation of ENDS use within this population.

Background Dietary Free Sugar (DFS) is considered as one of the main risk factor for dental caries development. This systematic review was designed to assess the relationship between pattern and magnitude of Dietary Free Sugar (DFS) consumption and dental caries in school children aged among 6 to 12 years old. Methods An electronic search of the databases consists of Medline/PubMed, Embase, ISI Web of Science and Scopus was conducted using relevant keywords. Longitudinal studies reporting the relationship between DFS and dental caries focused on school children that were published between 2004 and 2019 in English were selected. The title and abstract of the papers were reviewed by 2 independent researchers and irrelevant papers were excluded. After duplicate removal, the full text of the papers was reviewed. The reference search of the selected papers was performed and finally the quality of included papers assessed using the STROBE check list and the main findings were extracted. Results From 2120 articles searched, 12 longitudinal studies included in this review. Three articles report insignificant relationship between DFS consumption of and dental caries. However, Dietary Free Sugar and dental caries were significantly associated in the primary and permanent dentition of children. Frequent intake of sweet foods and drinks especially before bed, consumption of processed starches and soft drink were considered as important risk factors while frequent consumption of water and dairy product had protective effect. Conclusion This study confirms the limitation of dietary free sugar in school children especially in the form of processed starch and sweet snacks especially before bedtime. Still, there is a need for well-designed studies in this field.