Lake littoral zones can also be regarded as another extremely hypersaline environment due to hypersaline properties of salt lakes. In this study, high-throughput sequencing technique was used to analyze bacteria and fungi from different rhizocompartments (rhizosphere and endosphere) of four dominant plants along the salinity gradient in the littoral zones of Ejinur Salt Lake. The study found that microbial α-diversity did not increase with the decrease of salinity, indicating that salinity was not the main factor on the effect of microbial diversity. Distance-based redundancy analysis and regression analysis were used to further reveal the relationship between microorganisms from different rhizocompartments and plant species and soil physicochemical properties. Bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere and endosphere were the most significantly affected by SO42–, SOC, HCO3–, and SOC, respectively. Correlation network analysis revealed the potential role of microorganisms in different root compartments on the regulation of salt stress through synergistic and antagonistic interactions. LEfSe analysis further indicated that dominant microbial taxa in different rhizocompartments had a positive response to plants, such as Marinobacter, Palleronia, Arthrobacter, and Penicillium. This study was of great significance and practical value for understanding salt environments around salt lakes to excavate the potential microbial resources.

Halophytes can grow well in moderately salty habitats that restrain most plant growth. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can assist its host plants to effectively mitigate salinity stress. However, less information is available on the molecular mechanisms of AMF related to halophytes in adapting to moderate saline environments. A pot experiment was undertaken to detect the effects of AMF on the carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in the halophyte Suaeda salsa which was grown at 100 mM NaCl and the underlying proteomic modulating mechanisms.The results proved that AMF decreased the N and P concentrations, increased the C, N and P accumulations and the C:N and C:P ratios. Proteomic analysis screened 581 differentially abundant proteins (DAP), which were mostly categorized in carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism and folding, sorting and degradation pathways. The enrichment analysis illuminated that the DAPs were assembled in 'carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,' 'nitrogen metabolism' and 'N-glycan biosynthesis' pathways, which might be associated with the stoichiometric changes. The integrative proteomic and transcriptomic analysis detected 64 DAP whose regulations were concordant with those of the corresponding differentially expressed genes. Furthermore, these proteins were enriched in 'carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms' and some amino acid metabolism pathways. The modulations of these pathways might be correlated with C and N allocations and plant growth in moderate saline conditions. The study supplements the comprehension of the roles of AMF in halophytes grown in saline ecosystems.

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