Channel bifurcations are common features observed in fluvial landforms from upstream gravel-bed rivers to downstream deltas. Extensive research has been carried out to study the stability and equilibrium configurations of bifurcations in the last two decades. However, existing studies generally employed oversimplified flow resistance equations, and the influence of the development of bedforms on the stability of bifurcations is rarely explicitly considered. The morphological features of bedforms in sand-bed rivers vary with flow conditions, which in turn affect flow resistance and sediment transport processes. Such a mutual feedback process is expected to exert a significant influence on the evolution of a bifurcation. A theoretical one-dimensional (1D) model is built, based on the classical model proposed by Bolla Pittaluga et al. in 2003, to evaluate the influence of the development of dunes on the stability of bifurcations. Results show that the development of dunes

The tidal reaches are characterized by unsteady and non-uniform flow (UNF), which is significantly different from the commonly assumed steady and uniform flow (SUF) in hydraulics. The SUF shows invariant temporal and spatial flow characteristics, and thus flow acceleration is absent in a prismatic channel. However, for the UNF, the variation of flow velocity and depth in both temporal and spatial scales causes the loss of flow energy, and thus increases the flow resistance. In order to clarify the variation of flow resistance and its influencing factors in tidal reaches, this study investigates the flow resistance characteristics under UNF conditions. In this study, a typical tidal section of the Lower Yangtze River (LYR) – Kouanzhi Waterway (KW) – was selected as the study area, where the temporal variation of water surface along the river course at different tide levels, the bathymetry of multiple cross-sections, the distribution of cross-sectional flow velocity and its temporal variation were measured in detail. Based on these field measurement data, the contribution terms to the energy slope were calculated and evaluated, by decomposing the momentum equation. The calculated contributing terms include water surface gradient, local acceleration, and convective acceleration. The results showed that the local acceleration and convective acceleration have a substantial impact on the energy slope during specific time periods, which was found to be more significant than the findings in previous studies. The results show that the local acceleration term is more significant than the convective acceleration term except when the water surface slope is close to zero, and its contribution is significant throughout the flood tide and the initial ebb tide periods. The above research results are of great significance for the investigation of flow resistance mechanisms and numerical simulations in tidal rivers.