Meige syndrome (MS) is cranial dystonia characterized by the combination of upper and lower cranial involvement and including binocular eyelid spasms (blepharospasm; BSP) and involuntary movements of the jaw muscles (oromandibular dystonia; OMD). The etiology and pathogenesis of this disorder of the extrapyramidal system are not well-understood. Neurologic and ophthalmic examinations often reveal no abnormalities, making diagnosis difficult and often resulting in misdiagnosis. A small proportion of patients have a family history of the disease, but to date no causative genes have been identified to date and no cure is available, although botulinum toxin A therapy effectively mitigates the symptoms and deep brain stimulation is gaining increasing attention as a viable alternative treatment option. Here we review the history and progress of research on MS, BSP, and OMD, as well as the etiology, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment.

As industrialized animal agriculture expanded rapidly in the last decade, the resultant pollution has generated widespread despoliation of natural resources and environmental victimization in rural China. This study examines the formulation and implementation of national environmental regulations from 2014 to 2019 and finds that the juxtaposing ministerial and provincial jurisdictions resulted in conflicting interpretations of the scale and evaluation criteria of the national policy. We argue that the regulations are more than centralized conservation programs designed to reduce environmental pollution caused by the expansion of animal husbandry. Instead, these regulations are fundamentally state-led rural development initiatives that utilize the designations of ecological protection zones to reconfigure land use and promote scale-up production in agricultural structural adjustment initiatives. The enforcement of these environmental regulations, therefore, constitutes a treadmill of law (ToL) that accelerated the geographical specialization and function intensification of the Chinese husbandry sector.