Dialysis membranes were traditionally classified according to their material compositions (i.e., as cellulosic or synthetic) and on the basis of the new concept of the sieving coefficient (determined by the molecular weight retention onset and molecular weight cut-off). The advantages of synthetic polymer membranes over cellulose membranes are also described on the basis of their physical, chemical, and structural properties. Innovations of dialysis membrane in recent years include the development of medium cutoff membranes; graphene oxide membranes; mixed-matrix membranes; bioartificial kidneys; and membranes modified with vitamin E, lipoic acid, and neutrophil elastase inhibitors. The current state of research on these membranes, their effects on clinical outcomes, the advantages and disadvantages of their use, and their potential for clinical use are outlined and described.

Introduction Sepsis is characterized by a dysregulated host response to infection that leads to multiple organ dysfunction and often complicated with metabolic acidosis. However, the associations between serum total carbon dioxide level (TCO 2 ) and long-term clinical outcomes in sepsis survivors remains unknown. Methods A total of 7212 sepsis survivors aged ≥ 20 years who were discharged from January  1, 2008 to December 31, 2018 were included in our analyses. The sepsis survivors were further divided into high TCO 2 (≥ 18 mmol/L) and low TCO 2 (< 18 mmol/L) groups, comprising 5023 and 2189 patients, respectively. The following outcomes of interest were included: all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, ventricular arrhythmia, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Results After propensity score matching, the low TCO 2 group was at higher risks of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.28, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.18–1.39), myocardial infarction (HR 1.83, 95% CI 1.39–2.43), and ESRD (HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.16–1.64) than the high TCO 2 group. The results remained similar after considering death as a competing risk. Conclusion Patients discharged from hospitalization for sepsis have higher risks of worse long-term clinical outcomes. Physicians may need to pay more attention to sepsis survivors whose TCO 2 was low. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40121-023-00765-6.