Objective: To determine the factor structure of the Health Promoting Behaviours (HPB) component of Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II among undergraduate students in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among undergraduate students. The data was collected in the USM campus using a proportionate cluster sampling method. The HPB questionnaire was handed to students in the lecture hall and collected immediately when the lecture finished. CFA was conducted using robust maximum likelihood estimation due to violation of multivariate normality assumption. A three-factor model was tested for measurement model validity and construct validity. Results: A total of 788 students participated in the study. CFA of a 21-item, three-factor model yielded an adequate goodness-of-fit values. The measurement model also showed a good convergent and discriminant validity after model re-specification. Conclusion: The health promoting behaviours scale was proven to have a valid measurement model and reliable constructs. It was deemed suitable for use to measure the health promoting behaviours components of a healthy lifestyle among Malaysian undergraduate students. It was recommended to further conduct cross-validation studies in other Malaysian public universities to provide additional empirical evidence to support its use.
Background: The available data on strabismus surgery in South East Asian countries is scarce. This study aimed to identify visual outcome and factors influencing surgical outcome of horizontal strabismus surgery in a South East Asian cohort. Methods: A retrospective review of patients who underwent horizontal strabismus surgery between 2013 and 2017 in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia was conducted. Surgery was considered successful if the post-operative deviation was within 10 prism dioptres at six months post-operative period. Factors influencing outcome of surgery at six months were identified. Chi-square and Fisher exact test were used in data analysis. Results: 98 patients were included. Both genders were equally affected. Exotropia (58.2%) was the most common type. 65.3% of patients had alternating strabismus, while 51.0% had angle of deviation more than 45 prism diopters. Amblyopia was documented in 14.3% of patients. Those operated upon below 10 years of age comprised 64.3%. Ninety four patients completed follow-ups at six months after the surgery. The success rate was 81.6%. Approximately 92% of the patients had best corrected visual acuities of 6/12 and better at six months post-operative period. There was no significant association between age of onset, gender, presence of amblyopia, type of deviation, amount of deviation and post-operative best corrected visual acuity with surgical outcome at six months post-operative period (p>0.05). Conclusions: The success rate was good. Post-operative best corrected visual acuity was promising. Age of onset, gender, presence of amblyopia, type of deviation, amount of deviation and post-operative best corrected visual acuity did not influence the outcome of horizontal strabismus surgery in our review. Keywords: Visual outcome, horizontal strabismus surgery, factors influencing surgical outcome
Background: Abdominal bloating (AB) is a common medical complaint known to diminish patients’ quality of life. However, lifestyle and behavioural changes could mitigate its expression and severity. This study sought to explore the health beliefs, intentions and health-promoting behaviours among people with AB in Kelantan, Malaysia. Methods: The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) was employed to explore the factors that influence the management of adults with AB, namely health beliefs and intentions. An interview guide was developed by adapting the TPB and the findings of prior studies concerning the factors associated with AB management. All eligible participants took part in in-depth interviews. Results: The mean age of the participants was 32.5 years old (standard deviation [SD] = 14.19 years old) and the majority of participants were female (58.3%). The themes and sub-themes that emerged following the application of the TPB framework represented the qualitative results of this study, which indicated that the health beliefs, intentions and health-promoting behaviours observed among people with AB were closely related. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the adoption of a healthy lifestyle could be an effective means of improving AB. Thus, it is vital to implement a health education programme that promotes health-related beliefs and intentions in order to trigger health- promoting behaviour among people with AB.
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