Проблема и цель. Растущая популярность видов спорта на выносливость, различных стилей борьбы и игровых видов дает возможность спортсменам проявить свои физические качества. Успех спортсменов, участвующих в этих видах спорта, зависит от уровня развития аэробной, анаэробной и алактатной энергетических систем, которые обеспечивают работающие мышцы энергией. От того, как спортсмены питаются, зависит их здоровье, работоспособность, приспособление к различным факторам окружающей среды. В современной системе спортивной подготовки питание рассматривается как один из ведущих факторов, обусловливающий возможность достижения высокой работоспособности и эффективного протекания восстановительных процессов при напряженной мышечной деятельности. Обзор литературных источников показывает, что при подготовке спортсменов разных видов спорта к ответственным соревнованиям, стараясь избежать неблагоприятных последствий, изучение фактического питания является несомненно актуальным. Только оценив питание спортсменов, можно его согласовать с организованным тренировочным процессом и выступлением на соревнованиях. В Казахстане результаты исследований питания спортсменов показали, что их питание не всегда соответствует требованиям, предъявляемым к рациональному питанию спортсменов. Актуальность этого вопроса определила цель исследованияоценить и сравнить фактическое питание спортсменов высокого спортивного мастерства различных видов спорта и их обеспечение необходимыми нутриентами.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of high energy diets, which were elaborated by the study authors, on the change of physical fitness of athletes of various sports. 90 athletes aged 17–30 years participated in the research. They were divided into three groups of 30 each. Our research has shown that prepared high-energy diets, used during 3 months in the preparatory period, per week-long training microcycles, had a greater positive effect on changes in the fitness of elite athletes of various sports compared to changes in the fitness of lower-performance athletes.

In Kazakhstan, the regime and habits of consuming liquids by athletes in various sports have not been suffi ciently explored yet. The purpose of the study is to determine the amount, schedule and characteristics of consumption of drinks by sportsmen after the example of diff erent sports. In 2017 15 volleyball players of the Burevestnik team in Almaty, 15 judo wrestlers of the national team of Kazakhstan, 15 wrestlers of the club team and 15 triathletes of the national team of Kazakhstan took part in the estimation of the regime of water and other liquids consumption. A valid questionnaire was used to study the data on the volume and water consumption schedule and other liquids. The amount of water and other drinks consumed was studied by reproducing drinking during 24 hours. The questionnaire put questions about the amount of water and beverages consumed prior to training, during and after it, and furthermore certain types of beverages were determined. Our research showed that 63.34% of the Kazakhstan athletes under examination drink the recommended norm (2-3 liters per day), another 6.69% of the investigated consume from 3 to 6 liters of liquid. The researched athletes do not consume enough liquid 2 hours before training. Only 20% of volleyball players, judoists and triathletes of national teams consume the recommended norm of liquid (400-600 ml). Most of the investigated athletes consume necessary amount of water and other beverages during training. 70.0% of respondents drink water and juices during training, and only 16.7% of them drink sport drinks.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the mode and the eating habits of some sports athletes as well as to find out the sources of received knowledge about nutrition athletes. Material: In the evaluation of actual nutrition in 2017, 60 participants took part, including 15 volleyball players of the Burevestnik team, 15 judo wrestlers of the national team of Kazakhstan, 15 wrestlers of the club team and 15 triathletes of the national team of Kazakhstan. To study data on the regime and eating habits, a valid questionnaire was used, directly interviewing each researcher. The statistical analysis of the survey data was carried out, the percentage distribution of responses on the questionnaire was calculated. For the analysis of categorical data χ2 test (chi-square) have been applied. Results: The results of the study have shown that Kazakhstan sportsmen diet is not optimal, not enough of the studied athletes eat 4 or more times a day. 22.7% of the respondents are snacking not enough - only once per day, and 11.7% of the respondents do not snack at all. More than half of the subjects (52%) regularly eats every day at the same time, while 48% - not always eat regularly. Conclusions:The main criterion for the selection of food is taste, paying too little attention to the specificity of sport and on a special diet. Basic information about nutrition investigated Kazakh athletes receive from coaches and family members, and the share of doctors and nutritionists have to too small impact here. Public information systems are relatively ineffective.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 40-60% of human health depends on a lifestyle in which 25-30% is devoted to a rational diet. Therefore, by meeting physiological needs in accordance with a rational diet, athletes can adapt more quickly to the applied physical load and achieve better sport results. The aim of the study was to describe and compare the factors that determine the healthy diet of athletes of various sports. The study, which aimed to assess the factors determining healthy diet, involved 157 students of physical educa- tion and sports studies from the University of Almaty. Respondents were divided into 3 groups - sports games (volleyball, football, basketball, tennis) (n=85), endurance sports (long distance running, skiing, road cycling, triathlon (n=22), and combat sports (wrestling, judo, karate, boxing) (n=50). The questionnaire by Steptoe et al. (1995) was employed to establish the opinion of the investigated subjects on the factors that determine healthy and rational dietary choices of student athletes. Our research has shown that among the factors that determine the healthy diet of athletes of various sports, the main ones are health, the character of the chosen sport, and the athlete’s body composition. Factors such as current trends, the popularity of the food consumed, and the influence of family and friends are less important. The athletes we studied noted their efforts to eat and live healthy, most of them were satisfied with their health and their body mass. A greater variety in respondents’ responses was observed when assessing the composition of food supplements, the impact of discount special offers on product selection. The responses received on adherence to the diet indicate that the athletes studied do not always observe the correct diet