The evolution and diversification of animal reproductive modes have been pivotal questions in behavioural ecology. Amphibians present the highest diversity of reproductive modes among vertebrates, involving various behavioural, physiological and morphological traits. One such feature is the amplexus, which is the clasp or embrace of males on females during reproduction and is found almost universally in anurans. Hypotheses about the origin of amplexus are limited and have not been tested thoroughly, nor have they taken into account evolutionary relationships in most comparative studies. However, these considerations are crucial to an understanding of the evolution of reproductive modes. Here, using an evolutionary framework, we reconstruct the ancestral state of amplexus in 685 anuran species. We investigate whether the type of amplexus has a strong phylogenetic signal and test whether sexual size dimorphism could have influenced amplexus type or male performance while clasping females. Overall, we found evidence of ≥34 evolutionary transitions in amplexus type across anurans. We found that amplexus type exhibits a high phylogenetic signal and that amplexus type does not evolve in association with sexual size dimorphism. We discuss the implications of our findings for the diversity of amplexus types across anurans.

Las señales acústicas son una de las formas de comunicación más importante en la fauna, incluso en la ubicación espacial de los individuos y sus presas. El estudio de las señales acústicas fortalece los campos de investigación en ecología, comportamiento, identificación taxonómica, uso de hábitat e incluso el efecto de las actividades humanas sobre diferentes especies animales. Además, es una herramienta para la cuantificación y monitoreo de la biodiversidad. En este trabajo presentamos un análisis de los estudios basados en bioacústica que se han desarrollado en Colombia, con el fin de establecer una línea base e identificar vacíos en el conocimiento, sus fortalezas y debilidades, para discutir los retos futuros para el desarrollo de la investigación sobre bioacústica en el país. Nuestra búsqueda de información se concentró en publicaciones de tipo científico, trabajos de grado y presentaciones en conferencias, a partir de plataformas de datos electrónicos, usando diferentes palabras claves. En total obtuvimos 321 trabajos, en los que los grupos taxonómicaos más estudiados fueron las aves (36.4%) y los anfibios (35%). La mayoría de los trabajos se concentran en la región Andina (63%). La bioacústica es un campo con un creciente interés y, por ende, resulta necesario el trabajo colaborativo y multidisciplinario, la consolidación en las metodologías y el fortalecimiento y enriquecimiento de las colecciones de sonidos del país.

18The evolution and diversification of animal reproductive modes have been pivotal questions 19 in behavioral ecology. Amphibians present the highest diversity of reproductive modes 20 among vertebrates, involving various behavioral, physiological and morphological traits. One 21 of such features is the amplexus, the clasp or embrace of males on females during 22 reproduction, which is almost universal to anurans. Hypotheses about the origin amplexus are 23 limited and have not been thoroughly tested, nor had they taken into account evolutionary 24 relationships in most comparative studies. However, these considerations are crucial to 25 understand the evolution of reproductive modes. Here, using an evolutionary framework, we 26 reconstruct the ancestral state of amplexus in 686 anuran species; investigate whether the 27 amplexus type is a conserved trait; and test whether sexual size dimorphism (SSD) could have 28 influenced the amplexus type or male performance while clasping females. Overall, we found 29 evidence of at least 35 evolutionary transitions in amplexus type across anurans. We also 30 found that amplexus exhibits a high phylogenetic signal (it is conserved across Anura 31 evolutionary history) and the amplexus type does not evolve in association with SSD. We 32 discuss the implications of our findings on the diversity of amplexus types across anurans. 33 Keywords: Amphibia -ancestral reconstruction -frogs -reproductive modes -sexual 34 dimorphism. 35 36Understanding the evolution and diversification of reproductive modes in animals has been a 37 shared interest among evolutionary biologists over decades (e.g.