Avian influenza H7N9 virus has posed a concern of potential human-to-human transmission by resulting in seasonal virus-like human infection cases. To address the issue of sustained human infection with the H7N9 virus, here we investigated the effects of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) N-linked glycosylation (NLG) patterns on influenza virus transmission in a guinea pig model. Based on the NLG signatures identified in the HA and NA genetic sequences of H7N9 viruses, we generated NLG mutant viruses using either HA or NA gene of a H7N9 virus, A/Anhui/01/2013, by reverse genetics on the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus backbone. For the H7 HA NLG mutant viruses, NLG pattern changes appeared to reduce viral transmissibility in guinea pigs. Intriguingly, however, the NLG changes in the N9 NA protein, such as a removal from residue 42 or 66 or an addition at residue 266, increased transmissibility of the mutant viruses by more than 33%, 50%, and 16%, respectively, compared with a parental N9 virus. Given the effects of HA-NA NLG changes with regard to viral transmission, we then generated the HA-NA NLG mutant viruses harboring the H7 HA of double NLG addition and the N9 NA of various NLG patterns. As seen in the HA NLG mutants above, the double NLG-added H7 HA decreased viral transmissibility. However, when the NA NLG changes occurred by a removal of residue 66 and an addition at 266 were additionally accompanied, the HA-NA NLG mutant virus recovered the transmissibility of its parental virus. These demonstrate the effects of specific HA-NA NLG changes on the H7N9 virus transmission by highlighting the importance of a HA-NA functional balance.

Improvement of heat sink technology related to the continuous implementation performance and extension of device-life in circumstance of easy heating and more compact space has been becoming more important issue as multi-functional integration and miniaturization trend of electronic gadgets and products has been generalized. In this study, it purposed to minimize of decline of the heat diffusivity by gluing polymer through compounding of inorganic particles which have thermal conductive properties. We used NH-9300 as base resin and used inorganic fillers such as silicon carbide(SiC), aluminum nitride(AlN), and boron nitride(BN) to improve heat diffusivity. After making film which was made from 100 part of acrylic resin mixed hardener(1.0 part more or less) with inorganic particles. The film was matured at 80℃ for 24h. Diffusivity were tested according to sorts of particles and density of particles as well as size and structure of particle to improve the effect of heat sink in view of morphology assessing diffusivity by LFA(Netzsch/LFA 447 Nano Flash) and adhesion strength by UTM(Universal Testing Machine). The correlation between diffusivity of pure inorganic particles and composite as well as the relation between density and morphology of inorganic particles has been studied. The study related morphology showed that globular type had superior diffusivity at low density of 25% but on the contarary globular type was inferior to non-globular type at high density of 80%.