This study supported the presence of significant correlations among communication competence, self-efficacy, and job satisfaction. Thus, it is necessary to develop training programs that are customized to individual characteristics such as self-efficacy and job satisfaction to improve the communicative competence of ER nurses.

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Recent studies in Korea show that doctors have suffered a severe loss of image among their patients, due to their authoritarian, unempathic, and unfriendly communication behaviour. These findings were confirmed by studies of their communication styles done with conversation analysis. Training courses for medical students in doctor–patient communication have become mandatory, but are short and to date have provided no significant change; the ethical foundations of doctors when dealing with patients remained untouched. This chapter explores how the humanistic concepts of narrative medicine and can provide better understanding between doctors and patients. This ‘narrative spirit’ resonates with traditional values of Buddhism and Confucianism that are deeply rooted in Korean culture. It discusses a training programme for doctors working with text analysis of narrative interviews of patients’ illness experiences and shows how using patients’ stories may evoke this ‘narrative spirit’ and combine traditional ethical values with modern medical education.

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