This paper documents the 16th data release (DR16) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), the fourth and penultimate from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). This is the first release of data from the Southern Hemisphere survey of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2); new data from APOGEE-2 North are also included. DR16 is also notable as the final data release for the main cosmological program of the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), and all raw and reduced spectra from that project are released here. DR16 also includes all the data from the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey and new data from the SPectroscopic IDentification of ERosita Survey programs, both of which were co-observed on eBOSS plates. DR16 has no new data from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey (or the MaNGA Stellar Library “MaStar”). We also preview future SDSS-V operations (due to start in 2020), and summarize plans for the final SDSS-IV data release (DR17).

Field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors allow label-free detection of biomolecules by measuring their intrinsic charges. The detection limit of these sensors is determined by the Debye screening of the charges from counter ions in solutions. Here, we use FETs with a deformed monolayer graphene channel for the detection of nucleic acids. These devices with even millimeter scale channels show an ultra-high sensitivity detection in buffer and human serum sample down to 600 zM and 20 aM, respectively, which are ∼18 and ∼600 nucleic acid molecules. Computational simulations reveal that the nanoscale deformations can form 'electrical hot spots' in the sensing channel which reduce the charge screening at the concave regions. Moreover, the deformed graphene could exhibit a band-gap, allowing an exponential change in the source-drain current from small numbers of charges. Collectively, these phenomena allow for ultrasensitive electronic biomolecular detection in millimeter scale structures.

The chemistry that governs the dissolution of device-grade, monocrystalline silicon nanomembranes into benign end products by hydrolysis serves as the foundation for fully eco/biodegradable classes of high-performance electronics. This paper examines these processes in aqueous solutions with chemical compositions relevant to groundwater and biofluids. The results show that the presence of Si(OH) and proteins in these solutions can slow the rates of dissolution and that ion-specific effects associated with Ca can significantly increase these rates. This information allows for effective use of silicon nanomembranes not only as active layers in eco/biodegradable electronics but also as water barriers capable of providing perfect encapsulation until their disappearance by dissolution. The time scales for this encapsulation can be controlled by introduction of dopants into the Si and by addition of oxide layers on the exposed surfaces.The former possibility also allows the doped silicon to serve as an electrical interface for measuring biopotentials, as demonstrated in fully bioresorbable platforms for in vivo neural recordings. This collection of findings is important for further engineering development of water-soluble classes of silicon electronics.

Background Premorbid undernutrition has been proven to have an adverse effect on the prognosis of stroke patients. The evaluation of nutritional status is important, but there is no universally accepted screen methodology. Purpose We aimed to use the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) for evaluating the effect of premorbid undernutrition on short-term outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods A total of 1,906 patients were included for analysis. Baseline characteristics were collected. We evaluated the nutritional status of the patients using the GNRI and body mass index (BMI). The GNRI was calculated as {1.519×serum albumin(g/dL) + 41.7×present weight (kg)/ideal body weight (kg)}. All patients were categorized into four groups on the basis of the GNRI score. Results Among the included patients, 546 patients had an unfavorable outcomes. The proportion of patients with moderate and severe risk, assessed in GNRI, was significantly higher in the unfavorable outcome group compared to the favorable outcome group (33.3% vs 15.0%). The increased risk of premorbid undernutrition was associated with an increased risk of unfavorable outcome in a dose-response manner after adjusting for covariates.