Although there have been morphological and morphometric studies on the porcupine skull, three‐dimensional modelling of the skull is performed for the first time with the present study. In this study, it was aimed to model the skull and mandible of Hystrix cristata in 3D to reveal its morphometric values and the differences between the sexes. Morphometric analyses were performed on a total of eight (four male and four female) adult porcupine skulls and mandibles. Skulls and mandibles of porcupines were scanned usinf a 64‐detector MDCT (General Electric Revolution) device at 80 kV, 200 MA, 639 mGY and 0.625 mm slice thickness. Skull and mandible reconstructions were made with the help of MIMICS 20.1 (Materialize) software program and the surface area and volume values of the skull and mandible were calculated. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS 22.0 software. The longest measurement in the skulls, based on the metric measurement points, was the total length (TL), and it was measured as 135.4750 ± 0.54976 mm in males and 134.4725 ± 0.86681 mm in females (p < 0.5). The highest value was the foramen magnum index (p < 0.5), and the lowest value the was skull index (p < 0.1). While the total volume ratio of the mandibles was 29901.64 mm3 in males, it was 27296.20 mm3 in females (p > 0.5). Statistical differences in the morphometric values of skulls and mandibles of male and female porcupines were demonstrated for the first time using CT and three‐dimensional modelling software.

Bu araştırma; Kangal köpeklerinde ilk kez bilgisayarlı tomografik görüntüler kullanılarak trachea'nın ayrıntılı anatomisini elde etmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada 5 erkek ve 5 dişi olmak üzere toplam 10 erişkin Kangal köpeği kullanılmıştır. Multidedektör bilgisayarlı tomografi (MDBT) cihazından elde edilen görüntüler, üç boyutlu (3D) modelleme yazılımı (VITAL, Vitrea 2,HP XW 6400) ile trachea'nın üç boyutlu yeniden yapılandırılmasında kullanılmıştır. Trachea'nın ölçümleri; hem pars cervicalis hem de pars thoracalis bölgelerinde; cranial ve caudal noktalar belirlenerek yapılmıştır. Trachea'nın 4 noktasından alınan transversal ve vertical çap ölçümleri, bu çapların birbirlerine oranı (T/V) ile kesitsel lümen alanları (crosssectional area CSA), BT (Bilgisayarlı tomografi) tarayıcı yazılımı ile ölçülmüştür. Erkekler ve dişiler arasında önemli bir istatistiksel fark bulunmamıştır. Trachea'nın başlangıç ve bitiş kısımlarında çapların arttığı gözlenmiştir. Transversal çapların bütün ölçüm noktalarında vertical çaplardan daha yüksek değerlerde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Üç boyutlu modelleme ile trachea'nın dorsoventral basık ve tam olmayan elipsoid şeklinde olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Araştırmanın ilk kez yapılmış olması sebebiyle, anatomi alanındaki benzer çalışmalara kaynak teşkil edebileceği düşünülmektedir.

In this study, it was aimed to reveal the physical and chemical characterization of the bone structures during body development periods (prepubertal period, period between adolescence and adulthood) and after (young adult period and old adult period) in male and female guinea pigs. In this study, 40 guinea pigs (20 male, 20 female) were used. Morphometric measurements, X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis for mineral levels, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis for surface area, and porosity analysis were applied to the bones. The male guinea pigs had greater values than females in the other three categories, with the exception of the second group, when the females have higher values in morphometric measurements. Ca levels rose up to the third group, as did P levels in the males, peaking in the third group and declining in the fourth. As with phosphorus, there was a progressive rise in females from the first to the fourth group. Fe, Zn, and Sr elements had the greatest values in both genders in the first group. In all four groups, the females had greater Zn levels than males. The highest Ca/P ratio was found in the third male group and the fourth female group. This study revealed that adolescence, adulthood, and gender are effective in the physical and chemical characterization of bone structure in guinea pigs.

The aim of this study was to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the bone structures during four developmental periods. Forty Wistar Albino rats (20 male and 20 female) were divided into four groups including prepubertal period (group I), period between adolescence and adulthood (group II) and later (young adult period as group III and old adult period as group IV). The bones were analysed by morphometric measurements, XRF (X‐ray fluorescence) analysis for mineral levels and BET analysis (Brunaurer–Emmett–Teller) for surface area and porosity. In morphometric measurements, the GL (greatest length) and the GLC (greatest length from caput femoris) values increased gradually from the first to the fourth group, and these values were higher in the males than the females. Phosphorus and calcium values were higher in the males in adult groups (third and fourth) compared to that for the females; however, they were higher in the females in groups up to adulthood (first and second). While the Ca/P ratio reached the highest value in the second group in the male, it decreased gradually afterwards. In females, the rate, which was close to each other in the first three groups, increased in the fourth group. Surface area size in the female and the male rats was the highest in the second group. In conclusion, changes in the rat bone structure during the development and adulthood periods of the body were revealed, and it was determined that the gender factor was effective in these changes.

Androgens perform the their effects on target tissues mainly through the androgen receptor (AR). In this study, AR localization was investigated in female and male dwarf hamsters genital tissues. In the present study, 6 female and 6 male animals were used. After anesthesia, the tissues to be worked were quickly removed from the body and fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin, and embedded in paraffin. Sections were stained after microwave antigen retrieval for immunohistochemistry. Although AR positive immunostaining was observed only in cell nuclei in testis, caput epididymis, prostate gland and vesicle seminalis tissues, it was observed in cytoplasm or nucleus of the cells in the ovarium and oviduct tissues. AR localization in dwarf hamster male and female genital tissues was similar to other species. The presence of AR in genital tissues supports the idea that androgens are essential for these tissues.