Objectives: This study aims to evaluate wound healing effects of in vitro radial extracorporeal shock wave (rESW) application on mouse fibroblasts and whether the cytotoxic effect of extracorporeal shock wave (ESW) was due to a possible genotoxic effect. Patients and methods: After creating an in vitro wound healing model in L929 mouse fibroblast culture, fibroblasts were stimulated with a frequency of 3 Hz, and 100, 250, 500, 1,000 and 1,500 pulses shock waves were applied. Energy flux densities ranging from 0.01 to 0.23 mJ/mm2 (14.3 MPa) at a constant pressure level of 0.5 and 1 bar were applied. Wound healing, cell viability, and genotoxicity were evaluated at 24 and 48 h. Results: All shot numbers for both pressures significantly reduced cell viability (p<0.05). For both 0.5 and 1 bar pressures, in both intervals, the rate of wound healing decreased, regardless of the number of shots (p<0.05). In vitro genotoxic damage was detected at both 0.5 and 1 bar pressures, in both time intervals, regardless of the number of shots. The genotoxic damage increased from 24 to 48 h. Conclusion: The study results suggest that, when ESWT is applied in this in vitro experimental setup, cell viability decreases and wound healing is delayed under all conditions. Furthermore, genotoxic damage can be prevented by using shots below 1,000 pulses. Therefore, while investigating the therapeutic effect of ESW therapy in vitro , the upper limit for the number of shots should be 1,000 pulses.

Background: Bituminaria bituminosa is a long-day plant. The plant has a high pastoral value and palatability. It is grazed by cattle, goats and sheep. Leaves and stems contain four furanocoumarins’ psoralen, angelicin, xanthotoxin and bergapten. The seed is covered by the fruit. Germination was not observed in beaked fruits. A cut with a scalpel can increase the germination rate. According to the literature there are not enough studies about the culture media and convenient conditions. Methods: In our study, we tried six medium for callus production with different hormone concentrations including 2,4-D, BAP and kinetin. In this study, a protocol for callus induction and analysis of isoflavonoids and terpenes of Bituminaria bituminosa has been developed. Result: Maximum callus induction frequency was observed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.75 mg/L 2,4-D + 2.5 mg/L kinetin in young primary leaves. 0.75 mg/L 2,4-D+2.5 mg/L kinetin medium is more successful in the production ofses of flavonoids that can be produced in vitro and is more successful in producing phenols. In terpene production, it is seen that 1.25 mg/L 2,4-D+3.5 mg/L BAP, which is the best callus producing medium containing BAP, is the most successful medium among all tested mediums.

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Trifolium pratense L. is an agricultural legume which is grown mainly in Europe, North America, and Anatolia. As the plant shows great diversity in Anatolia, Anatolia was accepted as the center of the origin of T. pratense L. This study aimed to analyze somaclonal variation among natural tetraploid T. pratense L. regenerants propagated in vitro and their donor plants by using RAPD techniques. In this study, for regeneration, the apical meristems of aseptic plants germinated on hormone-free MS medium were used, then they were transfered on PC-L2 medium containing 1 mg/l NAA + 3 mg/l BAP. In this research, RAPD techniques including 8 different primers were used to detect somaclonal variation. As a result, all of the primers showed polymorphism. The lowest polymorphism percentage was seen between number 2 clone and donor with 17.07% (D2-C2), the highest polymorphism percentage was seen between number 4 clone and donor with 60.21% (D4-C4). The highest variation difference was seen between donors D2 (a total of 123 bands) and D6 (total 86 bands).

Aim: It is reported that resveratrol may induce muscle hypertrophy and myogenesis. Accordingly, resveratrol is promising for the treatment of muscle diseases and ergogenic aid for athletes. In this study it is aimed to observe the effects of resveratrol on myogenin and mTOR levels and muscle mass. Material and Methods: The study is performed on 14 Swiss albino young adult mice at Başkent University Experimental Animal Research Center. The mice are divided randomly into study (n:7) and control (n:7) groups. During consecutive 7 days, 20 mg/kg trans-resveratrol was given to the study group intraperitoneally. After the seventh day administration, the right gastrocnemius muscles are disected, weighted and stored at -80 °C for mTOR and myogenin analysis. Then, myogenin and mTOR levels are determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method in homogenised muscle mass. Results: According to mean myogenin and mTOR levels, there was no significantly difference between groups (p>0.05). Total body weight and the right gastrocnemius muscle weight of the study group (22.11±3.22 g, 0.09±0.03 g, respectively) at the 7th day was found significantly lower than control group (28.63±3.80 g, 0.12±0.02 g, respectively) (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was observed that resveratrol administration had no effect on myogenin and mTOR levels which is a fore-step for muscle hypertrophy. On the other hand, interestingly total body weight and muscle mass decrease was observed in the study group. The effects of resveratrol on muscle tissue is a relatively less studied topic. However, the authors are suggesting more studies on the resveratrol usage or administration for the effective dose and time interval investigation.