This chapter reviews the challenges, processing and analysis techniques about visual and LIDAR generated information and their potential use in big data analysis for monitoring the railway at onboard driver support systems. It surveys both sensors' advantages, limitations, and innovative approaches for overcoming the challenges they face. Special focus is given to monocular vision due to its dominant use in the field. A novel contribution is provided for rail extraction by utilizing a new hybrid approach. The results of this approach are used to demonstrate the shortcomings of similar strategies. To overcome these disadvantages, dynamic modeling of the tracks is considered. This stage is designed by statistically quantifying the assumptions about the track curvatures presumed in current railway extraction techniques. By fitting polynomials to hundreds of manually delineated video frames, the variations of polynomial coefficients are analyzed. Future trends for processing and analysis of additional sensors are also discussed.

Özetçe-Bu çalışmada, kablosuz ISM bandı haberleşme sistemleri için düşük gürültülü, yüksek kazançlı anten-MIMO tasarımı ve analizi yapılmıştır. MIMO WLAN antenler 2.4/5.2/5.8 bantlarını kapsayacak şekilde tasarlanmışlardır. Bu projenin amacı, 2.4/5.8 GHz ISM bandında çalışabilecek kompakt MIMO anten geometrileri sunmaktır. Daha sonra sistem davranışları yorumlanarak ISM bandındaki alıcı verici sistemler için bazı başarım bilgileri değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca MİMO antenler için önemli bir değer ifade eden korelasyon katsayısı ve çeşitlilik kazancı parametreleri de bu çalışmada incelenmiştir. Farklı geometrilerdeki özellikle slot yüklü MIMO anten geometrileri CST mikrodalga yazılımı ile simüle edilmiştir. Sonuçta önerdiğimiz MIMO modül tasarımımızın WiFi gibi uygulamalardaki avantajları vurgulanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler -Çoklu giriş çoklu çıkış (MİMO), çiftband MİMO anten, korelasyon katsayısı, çeşitlilik kazancı, yüksek izolasyon, WiFiAbstract-In this study, high gain, low noise MIMO antenna system have been analyzed and designed in wireless ISM band communication system. An isolation technique for two small-size WLAN MIMO laptop computer antennas covering the 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz bands is presented. The aim of this project is to present several types of compact MIMO antennas for ISM 2.4 and 5.8 GHz band, and then to compare and interpret the results. Besides, some information was provided as to the ISM band and transceiver systems. Also, the correlation coefficient and diversity gain, which represents a significant value for MIMO antennas, has been analysed in this paper. The different geometries of microstrip antennas such as slot-loaded microstrip patch arrays, dual-band and loaded dipole rectangular microstrip patch are simulated with CST Software, using FDTD.

The study describes the effective permittivity and permeability calculation of dielectric resonator arrays embedded in a WR90 rectangular waveguide structure. The scattering parameters are extracted and verified with full-wave simulations and measurements within 8-14 GHz. Then, the effective permittivity and permeability values are acquired with the retrieval method. The results reveal that the structure shows double negative (DNG) characteristics at some frequencies when the distance between resonators is close enough. Therefore, the structure can be considered in the design of metamaterial applications.

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