Ukraine, as a member of the European Energy Community, has committed itself  to achieve a share of 12 % renewables in its final energy generation by 2025 and a share of at least 25 % by 2035 (including all hydropower and thermal energy capacities). In 2019, the share of renewables in electricity generation in Ukraine was only 4 %. Renewables produce 4 % of total electricity production in Lviv region. According to this indicator, the region is the leader in the Western Ukraine. The paper analyzes the geographical location and the current state of renewable energy facilities in the Lviv region and forecasting their further development. As of July 1, 2020, in Lviv region there are 67 renewable energy facilities with a total capacity of over 310 MW. Most of the renewables supply electricity to the integrated energy system at a “green” tariff. They include two wind power plants with a total capacity of 33.9 MW in Staryy Sambir district; 59 industrial solar power plants with a total capacity of over than 275 MW in 15 administrative districts of Lviv region, Boryslav and Chervonohrad cities; two mini hydropower plants with a total capacity of 0.576 MW in Drohobych and Turka districts; three mini heat and electricity production plants running on biomass and producing electricity and thermal energy (Radekhiv heat and electricity production plant with a capacity of 2.4 MW, other heat and electricity production plants with a total capacity of 3.66 MW); one biomass electricity production plant operating in the Eco-Mit LLC pig farm in the village of Batyatychi in Kamianka-Buzka district. In addition, 985 solar electricity production plants at private households were built in 20 administrative districts and 9 cities in the region. Their total capacity is over 19 MW, which is equivalent to average capacity of one industrial solar electricity production plant. The leader in the number of industrial facilities for renewable energy is Yavoriv district, where almost half of the total renewables’ capacity of Lviv region is concentrated. The largest number of solar electricity production plants of private households is located in Pustomyty and Yavoriv districts, and Lviv city, whereas the lowest number in mountainous areas, particular in Turka and Skole districts. As of January 1, 2020, solar energy constituted 70 % of renewable energy in Lviv region. At the same time, according to the Development Strategy of Lviv region for the period of 2021–2027, the largest share in the structure of electricity production belongs to wind energy. The development of renewable energy in Ukraine depends on the rate of “green” tariff. The actual financial stimulus has led to a rapid increase in the share of renewables in total electricity generation in Ukraine and Lviv region in particular. Promising areas for renewable energy in Lviv region are wind and bioenergy developments.

ПЕРЕДУМОВИ ФОРМУВАННЯ СУЧАСНИХ ЛАНДШАФТІВ МЕЖИРІЧЧЯ ЗАХІДНОГО БУГУ, РАТИ І СОЛОКІЇ (Частина 1) Євген ІвановЛьвівський національний університет імені Івана Франка, вул. П. Дорошенка, 41, 79007, м. Львів, Україна Розглянуто актуальні проблеми виникнення, формування, антропогенної трансформації та зникнення сучасних геосистем межиріччя Західного Бугу, Рати і Солокії. Значну увагу присвячено дослідженню умов формування Яструбецької дельтине характерної для регіону ділянки річкової долини Західного Бугу. Ще сто років тому у цій дельті налічували понад 80 окремих рукавів і проток, які меандрували у нестійких піщаних відкладах, заболоченій та зарослій верболозами і вільхою місцевості, що не властиво для поліських річок. На основі ретроспективно-географічного аналізу літературних і картографічних джерел XVIII-ХХ ст. поетапно відстежено передумови розвитку геосистем Яструбецької дельти та оточуючих ландшафтів межиріччя.Опрацьовано та прокоментовано праці відомих польських учених А. Ремана і М. А. Ломницького, які присвячено детальному аналізу тогочасних природних умов досліджуваної території, особливостей функціонування, динаміки і розвитку геосистем річкової долини Яструбецької дельти. Проаналізовано австрійські карти Першого (1779-1783) і Другого (1819-1820) топографічних знімань, складені під час проведення Йосифинської та Францисканської метрик. Дешифрування топографічних карт перших двох з п'яти історико-географічних зрізів дало змогу розглянути умови розвитку малополіських ландшафтів у другій половині XVIII -першій половині ХІХ ст. та інтерпретувати ймовірні напрями стоку поверхневих вод і домінуючих повітряних потоків у післяльодовиковий період та у процесі формування річкових долин.Ключові слова: ландшафт, річкова долина, дельта, межиріччя.Постановка проблеми. Одна із найскладніших, наближена до кризової ландшафтно-екологічна ситуація в Західному регіоні України сформувалася в межах Червоноградського гірничопромислового району, розташованого у центральній частині Львівсько-Волинського кам'яновугільного басейну. Цей район вважають головним у басейні, в його межах залишилося близько 600 млн т кам'яного вугілля, або 70 % промислових запасів. Експлуатацію вугільних шахт розпочато 1957 р. і триває вона вже понад 60 років. Сьогодні діючими є 7 з 12-ти вугільних підприємств. Закриття вугільних шахт шляхом мокрої консервації їхніх підземних порожнин лише ускладнило природні умови у регіоні.Аналіз сучасної ландшафтно-екологічної ситуації в межах Червоноградського гірничопромислового району неможливо здійснити без огляду умов виникнення, розвитку і формування ландшафтів. Територія інтенсивного розроблення покладів кам'яного вугілля та антропогенної трансформації геосистем знаходиться в межах межиріччя Західного Бугу, Рати і Солокії. Власне понижені малополіські ландшафти, найсильніше перетворені природно-антропогенними процесами, зазнали значної деформації і просідання земної поверхні, що у багатьох місцях ____________________

The demographic situation in Lviv region has been assessed, namely – the population number and density, birth and death rates, the natural increase, the causes of death, the average life expectancy, age and sexual structure, demographic load, the age of maternity, and migration movement of population, as for the administrative-territorial units. The main problems and risks concerning demographic safety of the administrative subdivisions of Lviv region have been pointed out. The factors influencing this were determined, namely: the demogeographic location, economic, social, cultural, religion and behavioral factors, as well as indirect relationships with foreign policy, state and military safety through the social-geographic location. The new model of the demographic behavior that is being formed in Lviv region is characterized by the prevalence of families with few children, the low level of early marriages and births, as well as the increase in the average age of giving birth, the high level of extramarital births, and the prevalence of the psychological motives of giving birth. The migration behavior took the new features of the movement of urban dwellers and residents of remote villages into suburban areas, that caused the deterioration of the demographic indices and the decrease of demographic safety level. The method of the determining the integral assessments of the levels of demographic safety, demographic threats, demographic risk, and demographic danger of the region has been revealed. The level of the demographic safety (danger) is expressed by the indicators, which normalization serves as the basis for the calculation of the integral index of the demographic safety of the region. The latter was calculated from the official data of the State statistical service of Ukraine and the Main statistical office in Lviv region. The regional features of the demographic safety of Lviv region have been determined, and administrative-territorial units were typified according to the levels and tendencies of their demographic safety. It was determined that in 2018 five districts (Brody, Zhydachiv, Peremyshliany, Radehiv, and Stryi) and four cities of regional significance (Boryslav, Drohobych, Morshyn, and Chervonohrad) were in the state of demographic danger (0,0–0,382), while Yavoriv district and the city of Stryi – were in the state of demographic risk (0.619–0.854). No single administrative-territorial unit of Lviv region were in the state of demographic safety (0.855–1), while all the other units were in the state of demographic threat (0.383–0.618). The optimizing measures were proposed for minimizing the demographic danger and lessening demographic threats in Lviv region.

Actual problems of origin, formation, anthropogenic transformation and disappearance modern geosystems between Western Bug, Rata and Solokiya rivers are considered. Special attention devoted to formation conditions research of Yastrubetska Delta as uncharacteristic for region of the Western Bug river valley. Based on retrospective-geographic analysis of literature and cartographic sources of the XVIII–XX centuries are traced stages of the Yastrubetska delta geosystems development and surrounding landscapes of between-river basin. In the second part of article analyzes the large-scale (1 : 25,000) cartographic works, in particular, the Austrian maps of the Third Topographic Survey (1869–1887), the Polish maps of the Military Geographical Institute (1929–1939) and the USSR Soviet General Staff maps (1968–1989). An overview of last three of five historical and geographical stages topographic maps made it possible to investigate and interpret conditions of Small-Polissya landscapes functioning and development in second half of XIX-th – second half of XX-th centuries. Maps of scale 1 : 50,000 – 1 : 300,000 used for clarifying geographical and landscape-ecological situation. The main tendencies of Western Bug, Rata and Solokiya rivers interfluve landscapes transformation for the last 240 years was analyzed. The best indicator for natural conditions transformation are changes in river network, forestation and territory bogging. The analysis of cartographic materials shows that the majority of channels and distributaries of Western Bug and its tributaries, especially within limits of Yastrubetska Delta and a significant reduction of forested areas and wetlands. Key words: landscape; geosystem; river valley; channel; delta; rivers interfluve.

The specifics of the landscape structure within the first section of the Stebnyk tailings dam are considered. Two landscape terrains (of natural and anthropogenic genesis), 3 separate landscape belts, 8 types of landscape tracts, and 30 types of landscape sub-tracts have been identified. Geosystems are dominated by flat sloping surfaces of the tailings dam, the external embanked of which forms closed drainless areas requiring systematic regulation of the level of the final reservoir. Features of filling the tailings surfaces played an important relief-forming role. At the same time, there were raised areas (0.5‒2.5 m) confined to the southern and south-western parts of it. Actually, conditions for the formation of tree-bush and meadow-marsh vegetation of different stages of succession were created in these areas. Spatial-temporal regularities of the occurrence and development of plant communities within the first section of the Stebnyk tailings dam were determined based on the decryption of space images for 2006‒2018. Primary meadow-marsh, bush-meadow, and tree-bush communities on surfaces with different levels of salinization were distinguished. In fact, these communities form the primary succession series in the formation of vegetation cover of post-mining geosystems. To decipher the boundaries of plant communities, 16 space images were obtained from the publicly available Google Earth Pro program. The tendencies of changes in the number and area of the plots occupied by different plant groups have been determined. Currently, the area of tree-bush communities is 5.59 hectares (7.87 % of the total area). Bush-meadow and meadow-marsh communities recorded an intensive increase in areas by 2014, followed by a rapid decrease caused by salinization of areas due to significant elevations of the reservoir’s level. In 2014, maximum areas of plant communities (37.55 ha) were identified, covering more than half of the study area (52.84 %), and in 2018 they occupied 21.71 ha (30.55 %). The gradual differentiation of phytocoenoses by moisture gradients and soil salinization continues. To maintain the rate of overgrowth of the first section of the Stebnyk tailings dam, it is necessary to reduce the level of brines regularly.