ObjectiveDeficient interdental papillae cause a series of problems, including food impaction, phonetic difficulties, and esthetic concerns. The purpose of this article is to provide valid clinical recommendations for clinicians to address these problems in a predictable and less invasive way.OverviewNumerous treatments are available for interdental papillae reconstruction, but most of them involve surgery and yield unpredictable outcomes. Minimally invasive treatments have the advantages of being effective, predictable, and involving only slight injury as compared to surgical treatments. We included 66 studies obtained after searching for relevant papers in PubMed and Web of Science. The etiology and classification of deficient interdental papillae are explained and minimally invasive procedures for deficient interdental papillae reconstruction are summarized.ConclusionsMinimally invasive procedures are promising ways to reconstruct deficient interdental papillae, and have the advantages of slight pain and rapid recovery. It should be noticed that some of the minimally invasive treatments still require further long‐term observation to confirm their efficacy.Clinical significanceFamiliarity with etiology and classification of deficient interdental papillae can help clinicians to choose the appropriate minimally invasive approach as well as help with case collection to enhance esthetics status in patients with deficient interdental papillae.

Microspheres (MSs) were ideal candidates as biological scaffolds loading with growth factors or cells for bone tissue engineering to repair irregular alveolar bone defects by minimally invasive injection. However, the high initial burst release of growth factor and low cell attachment limit the application of microspheres. The modification of microspheres often needs expensive experiments facility or complex chemical reactions, which is difficult to achieve and may bring other problems. In this study, a sol‐grade nanoclay, laponite XLS is used to modify the surface of MSs to enhance its affinity to either positively or negatively charged proteins and cells without changing the interior structure of the MSs. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2) was used as a representation of growth factor to check the osteoinduction ability of laponite XLS‐modified MSs. By modification, the protein sustained release, cell loading, and osteoinduction ability of MSs have been improved. Modified by 1% laponite XLS, the MSs could not only promote osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3‐E1 cells by themselves but also enhance the effect of the rhBMP‐2 below the effective dose. Collectively, the study provides an easy and viable method to modify the biological behavior of microspheres for bone tissue regeneration.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved