1. Soil erosion control and water resource protection can closely interact during restoration of terrestrial ecosystems. In semi-arid ecosystems, an urgent issue is how vegetation restoration can achieve the goal of soil erosion mitigation and water conservation, which in turn, feeds back to ecosystem functioning.2. We reviewed 78 articles from 22 countries in semi-arid areas to evaluate the effects of vegetation type (i.e. forest, grassland and scrubland) on runoff and sediment yields across different environmental conditions (i.e. vegetation coverage, rainfall intensity, slope gradient and soil texture).3. Our meta-analysis shows that runoff and sediment reduction both increased as the vegetation coverage increased, and tended to be stable when vegetation coverage exceeded 60%. Vegetation provided a greater benefit for sediment reduction than for runoff control under intense rainfall. Grasslands were generally more effective in reducing sediment than other vegetation types. Forests, grasslands and scrublands were most efficient in soil erosion control on 20°-30°, 0°-25° and 10°-25° slopes respectively. Grasslands and scrublands generally performed better with respect to soil erosion control on moderately coarse soils, whereas forests were most effective on medium-textured and moderately fine soils. Synthesis and applications. Effective restoration and soil erosion control in semi-arid ecosystems strongly depends on the selection of vegetation type. Our study further indicates that, for land managers, it is critical to consider local slope, and soil texture, and maintain appropriate vegetation coverage to achieve ecosystem sustainability. Grasslands might be particularly suitable to optimize the trade-off between soil erosion control and surface water resource in semi-arid regions. K E Y W O R D S erosion control, meta-analysis, restoration, soil texture, surface water resource, vegetation coverage, vegetation restoration, vegetation type S U PP O RTI N G I N FO R M ATI O N Additional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section. How to cite this article: Wu G-L, Liu Y-F, Cui Z, et al. Trade-off between vegetation type, soil erosion control and surface water in global semi-arid regions: A meta-analysis.

A family of penta‐rare‐earth incorporated tetravacant Dawson selenotungstates [H2N(CH3)2]10H3[SeO4RE5(H2O)7(Se2W14O52)2] ⋅ 40H2O [RE=Ho3+ (1), Er3+ (2), Tm3+ (3), Tb3+ (4)] were synthesized. It should be noted that a penta‐RE [SeO4RE5(H2O)7]11+ central core connecting two tetra‐vacant Dawson‐type [Se2W14O52]12− subunits generates a dimeric assembly of [SeO4RE5 (H2O)7(Se2W14O52)2]13− in the structures of 1–4. Meanwhile, a class of Ho3+/Tm3+ co‐doped derivatives based on 1 with a Ho3+/Tm3+ molar ratio of 0.75:0.25–0.25:0.75 were also prepared and characterized by energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses. Moreover, their luminescence properties were systematically investigated, which indicate that Tm3+ ions can sensitize the emission of Ho3+ ions in the visible region and prolong the fluorescence lifetime of Ho3+ ions to some extent. Energy transfer from Tm3+ ions to Ho3+ ions was probed by time‐resolved emission spectroscopy (TRES), and the CIE 1931 diagram has been applied to evaluate all possible luminescence colors.

The objective of the study is to investigate the brain development and atrophy of Diannan small-ear pigs in different ages using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A total of 12 Diannan small-ear pigs were included and divided into the young group, adult group, and middle-and-old age (M&O) group according to their age. The brain structure of pigs was scanned using MRI, and the brain data obtained were statistically analyzed by signal conversion and image reconstruction. Compared with the young group, the signals of most brain structures in the adult group and M&O group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Compared with the adult group, the signal intensity of the right caudate nucleus and the right lateral ventricle in the M&O group was significantly increased, while the signal intensity of other regions was almost significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Compared with the young group, both adult and M&O groups had some degree of brain atrophy. Brain atrophy in the precuneus and the inferior temporal gyrus was more predominant in the M&O group in comparison with the adult group. The present study demonstrated that the brain signal of Diannan small-ear pigs gradually diminished with age, while the degree of brain atrophy was the opposite, providing the basic data on the brain of Diannan small-ear pigs.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) animal models have been widely created and utilized for repair therapy research, but more suitable experimental animals and accurate modeling methodologies are required to achieve the desired results. In this experiment, we constructed an innovative dorsal 1/4 spinal cord transection macaque model that had fewer severe problems, facilitating postoperative care and recovery. In essence, given that monkeys and humans share similar genetics and physiology, the efficacy of this strategy in a nonhuman primate SCI model basically serves as a good basis for its prospective therapeutic use in human SCI.