We evaluate the protective effect of nitric oxide (NO) against Cadmium (Cd) toxicity in rice leaves. Cd toxicity of rice leaves was determined by the decrease of chlorophyll and protein contents. CdCl 2 treatment resulted in (1) increase in Cd content, (2) induction of Cd toxicity, (3) increase in H 2 O 2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, (4) decrease in reduced form glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (ASC) contents, and (5) increase in the specific activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and peroxidase). NO donors [N-tert-butyl--phenylnitrone, 3-morpholinosydonimine, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and ASC + NaNO 2 ] were effective in reducing CdCl 2 -induced toxicity and CdCl 2 -increased MDA content. SNP prevented CdCl 2 -induced increase in the contents of H 2 O 2 and MDA, decrease in the contents of GSH and ASC, and increase in the specific activities of antioxidant enzymes. SNP also prevented CdCl 2 -induced accumulation of NH 4 + , decrease in the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS), and increase in the specific activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). The protective effect of SNP on CdCl 2 -induced toxicity, CdCl 2 -increased H 2 O 2 , NH 4 + , and MDA contents, CdCl 2decreased GSH and ASC, CdCl 2 -increased specific activities of antioxidant enzymes and PAL, and CdCl 2 -decreased activity of GS were reversed by 2-(4-carboxy-2-phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide, a NO scavenger, suggesting that protective effect by SNP is attributable to NO released. Reduction of CdCl 2 -induced toxicity by NO in rice leaves is most likely mediated through its ability to scavenge active oxygen species including H 2 O 2 .

ABSTRACT

The fabrication of multidimensional organometallic halide perovskite via a low-pressure vapor-assisted solution process is demonstrated for the first time. Phenyl ethyl-ammonium iodide (PEAI)-doped lead iodide (PbI ) is first spin-coated onto the substrate and subsequently reacts with methyl-ammonium iodide (MAI) vapor in a low-pressure heating oven. The doping ratio of PEAI in MAI-vapor-treated perovskite has significant impact on the crystalline structure, surface morphology, grain size, UV-vis absorption and photoluminescence spectra, and the resultant device performance. Multiple photoluminescence spectra are observed in the perovskite film starting with high PEAI/PbI ratio, which suggests the coexistence of low-dimensional perovskite (PEA MA Pb I ) with various values of n after vapor reaction. The dimensionality of the as-fabricated perovskite film reveals an evolution from 2D, hybrid 2D/3D to 3D structure when the doping level of PEAI/PbI ratio varies from 2 to 0. Scanning electron microscopy images and Kelvin probe force microscopy mapping show that the PEAI-containing perovskite grain is presumably formed around the MAPbI perovskite grain to benefit MAPbI grain growth. The device employing perovskite with PEAI/PbI = 0.05 achieves a champion power conversion efficiency of 19.10% with an open-circuit voltage of 1.08 V, a current density of 21.91 mA cm , and a remarkable fill factor of 80.36%.

Solution‐processed perovskite solar cells have great potential for low‐cost roll‐to‐roll fabrication. However, the degradation of aged precursor solutions will become a critical obstacle to mass production. In this report, a small molecule (ITIC‐Th) is employed to stabilize the perovskite precursor solution containing mixed cations and halides. It is found that ITIC‐Th can effectively suppress the formation of yellow δ‐phase in the films made from aged precursor solutions. Consequently, the devices fabricated from the aged precursor solution with ITIC‐Th experience much less efficiency drop with the increase of the precursor aging time—from 19.20% (fresh) to 16.55% (39 d), compared with the devices made from conventional precursor solutions dropping from 18.07% (fresh) to 1.76% (39 d). The characterizations suggest that ITIC‐Th is beneficial for CH3NH3+ cations to be incorporated into the crystal structure, facilitating the formation of perovskite phase. Furthermore, the presence of ITIC‐Th in the perovskite thin film gives rise to additional photocurrent as well as improved fill factor due to the well‐matched energy levels, the passivation of defects, and the complementary absorption spectra, suggesting a new route toward future high‐efficiency solar cells—incorporating organic non‐fullerene acceptors and halide perovskite materials into the same active layer.

Rice lodging identification relies on manual in situ assessment and often leads to a compensation dispute in agricultural disaster assessment. Therefore, this study proposes a comprehensive and efficient classification technique for agricultural lands that entails using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery. In addition to spectral information, digital surface model (DSM) and texture information of the images was obtained through image-based modeling and texture analysis. Moreover, single feature probability (SFP) values were computed to evaluate the contribution of spectral and spatial hybrid image information to classification accuracy. The SFP results revealed that texture information was beneficial for the classification of rice and water, DSM information was valuable for lodging and tree classification, and the combination of texture and DSM information was helpful in distinguishing between artificial surface and bare land. Furthermore, a decision tree classification model incorporating SFP values yielded optimal results, with an accuracy of 96.17% and a Kappa value of 0.941, compared with that of a maximum likelihood classification model (90.76%). The rice lodging ratio in paddies at the study site was successfully identified, with three paddies being eligible for disaster relief. The study demonstrated that the proposed spatial and spectral hybrid image classification technology is a promising tool for rice lodging assessment.