While smartphones have brought many benefits and conveniences to users, there is continuing debate regarding their potential negative consequences on everyday cognition such as daily cognitive failures. A few cross-sectional studies have found positive associations between smartphone use and cognitive failures. However, several research gaps remain, such as the use of cross-sectional designs, confounds related to stable individual differences, the lack of validity in self-report measures of smartphone use, memory biases in retrospective self-reports, and the lack of differentiation between smartphone checking and smartphone screen time. To simultaneously address the aforementioned shortcomings, the current study examined the within-person associations between various objective indicators of smartphone use and daily cognitive failures using a 7-day daily diary study. Multilevel modelling revealed that smartphone checking, but not total smartphone screen time, predicted a greater occurrence of daily cognitive failures at the withinperson level. Surprisingly, we also found negative withinperson associations between smartphone screen time for social-and tools-related applications and daily cognitive failures, suggesting that some types of smartphone use may temporarily benefit one's cognitive functioning. This finding demonstrates the importance of studying the specific

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The negative consequences of smartphone usage have seen frequent discourse in popular media. While existing studies seek to resolve these debates in relation to executive functions, findings are still mixed, partly due to the lack of conceptual clarity, the use of self-reported measures, and task impurity. Addressing these limitations, the current multi-session study utilizes latent variable approaches to examine various smartphone usage, including objectively measured data-logged screen time and screen-checking, and 9 executive function tasks in 260 young adults. Our structural equation models showed no evidence that self-reported normative smartphone usage, objective screen time and objective screen-checking are associated with deficits in executive functions. Only self-reported problematic smartphone usage was associated with deficits in latent factor of task-switching. These findings shed light on the boundary conditions of the link between smartphone usage and executive functions and suggest that smartphone usage in moderation may not have inherent harms on cognitive functions.

Anxiety disorders, one of the most common classes of psychological disorders, have been shown to result in a decreased quality of life. Although some research suggests that anxiety disorders are linked to impairments in executive functioning, the inconsistency in the current literature yields an unclear conclusion on the relationship between the two. The current meta-analysis systematically investigated 55 records (N=4601; kReactionTime=44, kAccuracy=79) that compared various groups with anxiety disorders to healthy controls on executive function tasks. Overall, our meta-analysis showed that individuals with anxiety disorders exhibited significant deficits in performance efficiency (reaction times) on executive function tasks. However, we also found that individuals with anxiety disorders may outperform their healthy peers in performance effectiveness (task accuracy) in some conditions. Type of anxiety disorders, domain of executive functions, and mediation use were identified to moderate the overall relations between anxiety disorders and executive functioning. Nevertheless, the results were robust across important demographic and other clinical moderators (e.g., anxiety severity and comorbidity).

An individual’s view of themselves is multifaceted; they may have affective views (e.g., “I like who I am”), views about their behavioural competencies (e.g., “I am able to complete tasks given to me”), and cognitive views or self-knowledge (e.g., “I have a clear sense of who I am”). In psychological literature, these three facets of self-views have traditionally been separately studied as self-esteem, self-efficacy, and self-concept clarity. Existing empirical work has suggested that these three constructs are intercorrelated, while still having distinct associations with other constructs such as life satisfaction, motivation, and social outcomes (e.g., DeMarree & Bobrowski, 2017; Lamont et al., 2019). Thus, the current work proposes that the three constructs form related but distinct facets of overarching self-views, or the beliefs that an individual holds about themselves. This framework would be beneficial to both theory and practice; researchers benefit from distilling and untangling the relationships between the three self-view facets and other outcomes in order to reveal more accurate and nuanced patterns, while practitioners benefit from knowing which facet(s) would be the best targets for training and intervention in clinical and organisational settings. The aim of the current work was thus to develop a short self-views measure that captures the three constituent facets, building upon existing established measures of self- esteem, self-concept clarity, and self-efficacy. Invariance of the proposed measure across sexes was also tested to confirm that the measure would hold consistent across both male and female respondents. As an exploratory extension, males and females were compared in terms of the three facets themselves to examine if mean levels of the three facets or patterns of associations between the three facets would vary by sex.