Studies of wind erosion based on Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) have not attracted sufficient attention because they are limited by natural and scientific factors. Few studies have been conducted to estimate the intensity of large-scale wind erosion in Inner Mongolia, China. In the present study, a new model based on five factors including the number of snow cover days, soil erodibility, aridity, vegetation index and wind field intensity was developed to quantitatively estimate the amount of wind erosion. The results showed that wind erosion widely existed in Inner Mongolia. It covers an area of approximately 90×10 4 km 2 , accounting for 80% of the study region. During 1985-2011, wind erosion has aggravated over the entire region of Inner Mongolia, which was indicated by enlarged zones of erosion at severe, intensive and mild levels. In Inner Mongolia, a distinct spatial differentiation of wind erosion intensity was noted. The distribution of change intensity exhibited a downward trend that decreased from severe increase in the southwest to mild decrease in the northeast of the region. Zones occupied by barren land or sparse vegetation showed the most severe erosion, followed by land occupied by open shrubbery. Grasslands would have the most dramatic potential for changes in the future because these areas showed the largest fluctuation range of change intensity. In addition, a significantly negative relation was noted between change intensity and land slope. The relation between soil type and change intensity differed with the content of CaCO 3 and the surface composition of sandy, loamy and clayey soils with particle sizes of 0-1 cm. The results have certain significance for understanding the mechanism and change process of wind erosion that has occurred during the study period. Therefore, the present study can provide a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of wind erosion in Inner Mongolia. Citation: Yi ZHOU, Bing GUO, ShiXin WANG, HePing TAO. 2015. An estimation method of soil wind erosion in Inner Mongolia of China based on geographic information system and remote sensing. Journal of Arid Land,

In Inner Mongolia, soil wind erosion is a serious environmental problem. The aim of the study was to develop an estimation model to analyze the spatial and temporal changes of soil wind erosion during 1985-2011 based on geographic information system and remote sensing. The results showed that wind erosion was widely distributed in Inner Mongolia with an area of approximately 95 9 10 4 km 2 . During 1985-2011, wind erosion has deteriorated over the entire region of Inner Mongolia, which was indicated by enlarged zones of erosion at severe and intensive grades. There was a significant difference in change intensity among different plant types that zones occupied by barren or sparsely vegetation showed the severest deterioration while the wind erosion of cropland showed a slight improvement in wind erosion. In addition, a significantly negative relation was noted between change intensity of wind erosion and vegetation coverage. Furthermore, the change rate of wind erosion was negatively correlated with the number of days (wind velocity C6 m/s). The relationships between soil types and change intensity differed with the surface distributions of sandy, loamy and clayey soil with particle sizes of 0-1 cm. The soil type of haplic luvisols showed the strongest resistance to wind erosion. The results have certain significance for understanding the mechanism and change process of wind erosion and can provide a scientific basis for the prevention of wind erosion in Inner Mongolia.

Background and aimsSurgical site infection is a common complication after surgery. Periprocedural antibiotics are necessary to prescribe for preventing or treating infections. The present study aimed to explore the effect of intravenous antibiotics on gut microbiota and menaquinone biosynthesis in patients, especially in elderly patients undergoing cardiac surgery.MethodsA total of 388 fecal samples were collected from 154 cardiac surgery patients. The V3–V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced on a MiSeq PE300. The gut microbiota diversity of samples was analyzed in terms of α- and β-diversity at the OTU level. The different groups were classified according to antibiotics in combinations and single antibiotics. PICRUSt2 was used for preliminary prediction of the gut microbiota function for menaquinone biosynthesis.ResultsThe intravenously administered antibiotics which are excreted via bile represents the main antibiotics that could disturb the gut microbiota’s composition in cardiac surgery patients, especially for elderly patients. The effect of antibiotics on gut microbiota is produced after antibiotics treatments over one week. The recovery of gut microbiota to the state of pre-antibiotics may require over two weeks of antibiotics withdrawal. Sex factor doesn’t represent as an influencer in gut microbiota composition. Long-term use of cefoperazone-sulbactam may affect coagulation function.ConclusionsThe composition of the gut microbiota had a significant change post-intravenous antibiotics treatment in cardiac surgery patients. The richness and diversity of gut microbiota are increased in elderly patients.

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