Medical titanium and alumina (Al2O3) bioceramic are widely utilized as biomaterials. A reliable brazed joint of titanium and alumina was successfully obtained using biocompatible Au foil for implantable devices in the present study. The interfacial microstructure and reaction products of titanium/Au/Al2O3 joints brazed under different conditions were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In this study, the typical interfacial microstructure of the titanium/Au/Al2O3 joint was titanium/Ti3Au layer/TiAu layer/TiAu2 layer/TiAu4 layer/Au + granular TiAu4 layer/TiOx phase/Al2O3 ceramic. With increasing brazing temperature or holding time, the thicknesses of Ti3Au + TiAu + TiAu2 layers adjacent to the titanium substrate increased gradually. Shear tests indicated that the joint brazed at 1115 °C for 3 min exhibited the highest shear strength of 39.2 MPa. Typical fracture analysis displayed that the crack started at the Al2O3 ceramic and propagated along the interface of TiAu2 and TiAu4 reaction layers.

Low-cost grain oriented silicon steel produced by continuous annealing, low slab-heating temperature, and omitting normalization annealing is explored and analyzed. This type of grain oriented steel is designed to replace the non-oriented steels used for the production of transformers of medium and small sizes as specified in all GO steel producers catalogs. Fully secondarily recrystallized structure with magnetic properties of P1.7 ¼ 2.04 W kg À1 and B8 ¼ 1.76 T is obtained at temperature of 1050 8C within 10 min in the condition of two-stage cold rolling, whereas one-stage cold rolling method fails to initiate abnormal grain growth in the same processing parameters. The success of fully secondary recrystallization using two-stage cold rolling method is ascribed to the more important role of sufficient amount of Goss seeds in decarburized samples as in CGO steels than the stronger {111}<112> texture as in HiB silicon steels. It is further determined that by two-stage cold rolling technique, a higher secondary stage rolling reduction leads to a lower secondary recrystallization starting temperature and a shorter secondary recrystallization staring time related with a finer grain size. The reasons for the high iron core loss related by continuous annealing are connected to the higher number of deviated Goss grains scattering toward {210}<001> or Brass orientations, the residual inhibitors and the imperfect grain size and morphologies. The reasons for the failure in abnormal grain growth by one-stage rolling are also discussed.