BackgroundRenal cell carcinoma most commonly metastasizes to the lungs, skeleton or liver. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the breast is very rare, especially for clear cell carcinoma, and few cases regarding this condition have been reported.Case PresentationThe case we presented was a 68-year-old Chinese female with metastatic renal clear cell carcinoma of the left breast 10 years after a nephrectomy. Identification of the metastatic renal clear cell carcinoma in the breast required multiple breast imaging modalities. Imaging showed a single, ovary-shaped, well-defined hypo-echoic mass, with abundant blood flow on ultrasound images. The mass was enhanced early on MRI, and it was hypointense on a T1-weighted image and hyperintense on a fat-saturated T2-weighted image. Following surgical excision of the tumor, a routine immunohistochemistry antibody panel on the tumor cells revealed negative staining for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (Her-2). Strong positive staining for the cluster of differentiation 10 (CD10) and vimentin was present.ConclusionThis case is unusual because of the site of metastatic progression. It is important for physicians to be aware of this progression so early diagnoses can be made, and appropriate therapeutic planning can be initiated.

Many models have been created and attempted to describe the temperature-dependent viscosity of glass-forming liquids, which is the foundational feature to lay out the mechanism of obtaining desired glass properties. Most viscosity models were generated along with several impact factors. The complex compositions of commercial glasses raise challenges to settle these parameters. Usually, this issue will lead to unsatisfactory predicted results when fitted to a real viscosity profile. In fact, the introduction of the reliable viscosity-temperature data to viscosity equations is an effective approach to obtain the accurate parameters. In this paper, the Eyring viscosity equation, which is widely adopted for molecular and polymer liquids, was applied in this case to calculate the viscosity of glass materials. On the basis of the linear variation of molar volume with temperature during glass cooling, a modified temperature-dependent Eyring viscosity equation was derived with a distinguished mathematical expression. By means of combining high-temperature viscosity data and the glass transition temperature (Tg), nonlinear regression analysis was employed to obtain the accurate parameters of the equation. In addition, we have demonstrated that the different regression methods exert a great effect on the final prediction results. The viscosity of a series of glasses across a wide temperature range was accurately predicted via the optimal regression method, which was further used to verify the reliability of the modified Eyring equation.

Acoustic-driven flow interactions between tandem deep cavities, which manifest as resonances between the natural acoustic standing-wave mode and the intrinsic shear-layer vortex structures, were experimentally investigated by using a pressure transducer array, the planar particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique, and phase-locking PIV measurements. Specifically, in the phase-locking PIV measurements, a field-programmable gate array-based phase-determination strategy was used to improve the phase-locking accuracy. The pressure measurement results demonstrated that under certain Reynolds numbers, significantly intensified acoustic pressure pulsations were excited once the magnitude of the acoustic resonance occurring inside the tandem deep cavities reached almost three times the magnitude of the dynamic pressure head at the channel inlet. Beyond that, the planar-PIV results illustrated the elevated turbulent flow quantities, such as the expanded velocity gradients, amplified shear-layer momentum thickness, intensified velocity fluctuations, and statistical Reynolds shear stresses. Subsequently, a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis was conducted to successfully extract the dominant flow modes underlying the acoustic-driven flow interactions, namely, the cavity-to-cavity flow mode and the counterrotating shedding vortex mode. The first POD mode gave rise to essential flow streaks that shuttled synchronously between the tandem deep cavities, while the second POD mode contributed to the streamwise vortex-shedding motions. Finally, the phase-locking PIV results comprehensively revealed the spatiotemporal evolutions of the coherent flow structures (the upper shedding vortices and the recirculation zones beneath) and their centroid trajectories. The findings of this study could be useful for revealing the flow–acoustic coupling mechanisms in related industrial facilities.

A novel online dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) approach using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), which takes full advantage of the DMD to extract multiple unsteady events and the FPGA system for signal sampling and fast computation, was developed for phase-locking particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements of unsteady flow behaviors. The turbulent separated and reattaching flow around a finite blunt plate with a length-to-height-ratio L/D = 6.0 was examined to demonstrate this novel approach. The wall-pressure field and the velocity field were measured using arrayed microphones and the conventional planar PIV setup, respectively. Offline DMD analysis of the wall-pressure fluctuation field was first used to identify the dominant modes corresponding to the energetically unsteady events. For each mode, the eigenmode and its mode coefficient reflected the spatial footprint pattern and temporal strength of the unsteady event, respectively. Next, trained machine learning of the mode coefficient was used to establish a phase prediction strategy. Finally, in the online analysis, the relevant eigenmode was cast into the FPGA device to serve as the reference mode for reconstruction with the sampled wall-pressure data, determining the phase signal to fire the PIV setup. High-resolution spatiotemporal evolutions of the dominant flow structures (i.e., the flapping separation bubble, the impinging leading-edge vortex, and the trailing-edge vortex street) were separately assembled. Further measurements demonstrated a clear panoramic view of the synchronous behavior of the enlarging separation bubble and the impinging leading-edge vortex. The proposed online FPGA-DMD approach can serve as a sophisticated strategy for phase-locking PIV measurements of unsteady flow behaviors.