Compared with Portland cement, geopolymers have poor carbonization resistance, which will greatly limit the application their application. To improve the carbonization resistance of geopolymers, firstly, the carbonization behavior of the fly ash-metakaolin-based geopolymer was studied through accelerated carbonization tests. Secondly, different amounts of Ca(OH)2 were introduced into the composite system, and the modification effect of the carbonization resistance of the modified geopolymer was studied. Finally, the modification effect of Ca(OH)2 on the fly ash-metakaolin-based geopolymers was analyzed, and the modification mechanism was explored. It was found that adding Ca(OH)2 to the fly ash-metakaolin-based geopolymer could significantly improve its initial compressive strength, but its strength after carbonization remained basically unchanged; meanwhile, the compressive strength of the terpolymer after carbonization clearly decreased after adding Ca(OH)2. Compared with ordinary Portland cement, the carbonization rate of fly ash-metakaolin-based geopolymer is faster, and the addition of Ca(OH)2 can inhibit the development of its carbonization depth. With increased carbonization age, the alkalinity of the geopolymer decreased, and the addition of Ca(OH)2 inhibited the decrease in the alkalinity of the geopolymer. The addition of Ca(OH)2 improved the microstructure of the geopolymers, the pore structure became denser, and the pore size became smaller size after carbonization. The hydration products of fly ash-metakaolin-based geopolymer are mainly amorphous silicaluminate gel and C–S–H gel, and Ca(OH)2 forms in the hydration products of terpolymer with the incorporation of Ca(OH)2, which is conducive to improving the carbonization resistance. In summary, Ca(OH)2 can play a good role in modifying the carbonization resistance of fly ash-metakaolin-based geopolymers.

The pH values of pore solutions are of great significance for the durability of concrete, but the influencing factors and mechanisms of geopolymer pore solutions are still unclear and the composition of raw material elements has a great influence on the geological polymerization behavior of geopolymers. Therefore, we prepared geopolymers with different Al/Na and Si/Na molar ratios using metakaolin, and the pH and compressive strength values of the pore solutions were determined using solid–liquid extraction. Finally, the influencing mechanisms of sodium silica on the alkalinity and geological polymerization behavior of geopolymer pore solutions were also analyzed. The results showed that the pH values of the pore solutions decreased with an increase in the Al/Na ratio and increased with an increase in the Si/Na ratio. The compressive strength of the geopolymers first increased and then decreased with an increase in the Al/Na ratio and decreased with an increase in the Si/Na ratio. The exothermic rates of the geopolymers first increased and then slowed down with an increase in the Al/Na ratio, indicating that the reaction levels first increased and then decreased with an increase in the Al/Na ratio. The exothermic rates of the geopolymers gradually slowed down with an increase in the Si/Na ratio, indicating that an increase in the Si/Na ratio reduced the reaction levels. In addition, the results obtained from SEM, MIP, XRD and other test methods were consistent with the pH change laws of geopolymer pore solutions, i.e., the higher the reaction level, the denser the microstructure and the smaller the porosity, whereas the larger the pore size, the smaller the pH value of the pore solution.

Composites that use fly ash and slag as alkali-activated materials instead of cement can overcome the defects and negative effects of alkali-activated cementitious materials prepared with the use of an alkali-activated material. In this study, fly ash and slag were used as raw materials to prepare alkali-activated composite cementitious materials. Experimental studies were carried out on the effects of the slag content, activator concentration and curing age on the compressive strength of the composite cementitious materials. The microstructure was characterized using hydration heat, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and its intrinsic influence mechanism was revealed. The results show that increasing the curing age improves the degree of polymerization reaction and the composite reaches 77~86% of its 7-day compressive strength after 3 days. Except for the composites with 10% and 30% slag content, which reach 33% and 64%, respectively, of their 28-day compressive strength at 7 days, the remaining composites reach more than 95%. This result indicates that the alkali-activated fly ash–slag composite cementitious material has a rapid hydration reaction in the early stage and a slow hydration reaction in the later stage. The amount of slag is the main influencing factor of the compressive strength of alkali-activated cementitious materials. The compressive strength shows a trend of continuous increase when increasing slag content from 10% to 90%, and the maximum compressive strength reaches 80.26 MPa. The increase in the slag content introduces more Ca2+ into the system, which increases the hydration reaction rate, promotes the formation of more hydration products, refines the pore size distribution of the structure, reduces the porosity, and forms a denser microstructure. Therefore, it improves the mechanical properties of the cementitious material. The compressive strength shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing when the activator concentration increases from 0.20 to 0.40, and the maximum compressive strength is 61.68 MPa (obtained at 0.30). The increase in the activator concentration improves the alkaline environment of the solution, optimizes the level of the hydration reaction, promotes the formation of more hydration products, and makes the microstructure denser. However, an activator concentration that is too large or too small hinders the hydration reaction and affects the strength development of the cementitious material.

In order to accurately calculate the long-term prestress losses of prestressed tendons, a time-varying model of long-term prestress loss considering the interaction between concrete shrinkage, creep, and the stress relaxation of prestressed tendons was constructed. Then, a method for calculating the long-term prestress losses of concrete structures was developed. A long-term prestress loss test of a prestressed concrete T-beam in a long-term field test environment was carried out. The measured values of long-term prestress losses are compared with the calculated results of JTG 3362-2018, AASHTO LRFD-2007, and the time-varying law model. The results show that the long-term effective tension of the T-beam decreases gradually with the increase in the load holding time. At the beginning of loading, the tensile force changes rapidly and then gradually slows down. The later the tensile age or the higher the initial loading stress level, the smaller the long-term prestress losses of the prestressed tendons. The long-term prestress loss values calculated by JTG 3362-2018, AASHTO LRFD-2007, and the time-varying law model increase with the increase in the load holding time. In the early stage of loading, the rate of change slows down and tends to be stable. The calculated results of JTG 3362-2018 and AASHTO LRFD-2007 are significantly different from the measured values. However, the calculated results of the time-varying law model are in good agreement with the measured values. The average coefficients of variation of the long-term prestress loss calculated by JTG 3362-2018, AASHTO LRFD-2007, and the time-varying law model are 17%, 10%, and 5%, respectively. The time-varying law model of the long-term prestress losses of prestressed tendons is accurate, and the long-term prestress loss of prestressed reinforcement can be predicted effectively.