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Plastic surgery is a discipline that uses surgical methods or tissue transplantation to repair, reconstruct and beautify the defects and deformities of human tissues and organs. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has gained widespread attention because it enables fine customization of the implants in the patient's surgical area preoperatively while avoiding some of the adverse reactions and complications of traditional surgical approaches. In this paper, we review the recent research advances in the application of 3D bioprinting in plastic surgery. We first introduce the printing process and basic principles of 3D bioprinting technology, revealing the advantages and disadvantages of different bioprinting technologies. Then, we describe the currently available bioprinting materials, and dissect the rationale for special dynamic 3D bioprinting (4D bioprinting) that is achieved by varying the combination strategy of bioprinting materials. Later, we focus on the viable clinical applications and effects of 3D bioprinting in plastic surgery. Finally, we summarize and discuss the challenges and prospects for the application of 3D bioprinting in plastic surgery. We believe that this review can contribute to further development of 3D bioprinting in plastic surgery and provide lessons for related research. Graphical Abstract

Nanomaterials that can mimic the activity of various enzymes have been studied extensively in the biomedical field in recent years. Nanozymes offer better stability and economic value in comparison to natural enzymes. Additionally, nanozymes have characteristics of nanomaterials, such as photothermal properties and designability, and therefore have considerable potential. The cellular microenvironment provides the basis for maintaining normal cell growth and function. Increasing evidence shows that imbalances in the homeostasis of the cellular microenvironment constitute a major factor in the development of many diseases. Nanozymes have received considerable attention in recent years as regulators of the cellular microenvironment. In this Review, research on the use of nanozymes to remodel the disease microenvironment is discussed. First, the definition, classification, and enzyme-like activities of nanozymes are introduced; several major disease microenvironments are summarized including tumor, inflammatory, and trauma microenvironments. The role of nanozymes in disease microenvironments and the main strategies for constructing intelligent and responsive nanozyme systems are discussed. The specific applications of nanozymes in remodeling the diseased microenvironment are highlighted. Finally, the therapeutic strategies of nanozymes to remodel the disease microenvironment are summarized and prospected. Nanozyme disease microenvironment remodeling is expected to become a major therapeutic strategy or an adjunct for the prevention and treatment of related diseases.