Based on nonlinear holography, we propose a 2D spirally poled LiNbO3 nonlinear photonic crystal that generates orbital angular momentum (OAM) states of second-harmonic (SH) waves. In this crystal, the generated SH waves from positive and negative domains have a π phase difference, which is used to compose a nonlinear Fresnel zone plate for an experimental demonstration of generating SH OAM states at the designed focusing spot. In addition, the crystal can be used to detect input OAM states of fundamental beams without significantly disturbing their wave fronts.

Studies related to knowledge hiding prevention are limited and need attention. Hence, the present study attempts to measure the direct impact of workplace friendship and altruistic leadership on preventing the knowledge hiding behavior; and also, in the presence of positive emotions. The study has also checked the mediating role of positive emotions in these relationships. The target population of the study is the employees working in the government sector (sample size of 496). The present study has employed quantitative research techniques for testing the hypotheses. Smart-PLS 3 software has been employed to run the partial least square structural equation modeling. Findings of the study have given major indications about the positive role of workplace friendship and altruistic leadership in preventing the hiding of knowledge among employees. It has also been revealed that positive emotions play a significant role in augmenting the relationship of workplace friendship and altruistic leadership with knowledge hiding behavior. This study adds a significant contribution to the body of knowledge by measuring the mediating role of positive emotions in decreasing the knowledge hiding behavior in the presence of workplace friendship and altruistic leadership.

Employee Innovative Behavior (EIB) in a stable environment is often based on the company’s planned policy orientation and has higher innovation performance under the transactional leadership behavior characterized by task orientation. In an uncertain environment, transformational corporate leadership behaviors will stimulate EIB. The essence of entrepreneurship is innovation. Enterprises provide employees with spiritual support through entrepreneurship, which can generate more effective long-term incentives for employees. From the perspective of entrepreneurship, based on the Uncertainty-Identity Theory (UIT), through the analysis of 287 pairs of valid sample data from 7 companies, it is found that Environmental Uncertainty (EU) has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between Transformational Leadership (TL) and Psychological Empowerment (PE). PE positively promotes EIB. The indirect effect size of PE is 0.2221, 0.3495, and 0.4450 from low to high, respectively. It is inferred that the interaction between TL and EU can positively promote EIB through the mediating effect of PE. The research conclusions expand the boundary conditions of the relationship between TL and EIB and innovatively provide theoretical guidance for the management of EIB from the perspective of entrepreneurship in an uncertain environment.

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