Investigating teachers' and students' different definitions of school bullying is important for necessary prevention and effective intervention. This study compared definitions of bullying from the perspectives of bystanders, bullies, victims, and educators. A total of 1,558 secondary educators and students in Taiwan participated in this research, including 967 students (537 bystanders, 217 bullies, and 213 victims) and 591 educators. Participants wrote their answers to the open-ended question, 'What is bullying in your opinion?'. The grounded theory method was employed to analyse the collected qualitative data. Results indicated that educators' and students' conceptions of bullying in Taiwan included features of intentionality, power imbalance, assaults, and negative results. Educators tended to refer to the characteristic of repetition, which was rarely mentioned by the students. The bullies were likely to regard bullying as unintended acts, while intentionality was more likely to be identified by the educators. This study categorized aggressive behaviour into three patterns: Playful teasing, bullying, and severe

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This study validated learning progression in scientific imagination and compared the performance of Taiwanese and Finnish elementary school students on scientific imagination tasks. A total of 150 5 th and 6 th graders completed the Scientific Imagination Test-Verbal (SIT-Verbal). Multiple analyses related to the validity of the SIT-Verbal were conducted using the Rasch partial credit model. Differences in scientific imagination due to gender and country of residence were assessed using t-tests. The results indicated that the various components of scientific imagination were hierarchically ordered, except for conceptualisation/organisation/formation. No differences in scientific imagination due to gender or country of residence were observed. Suggestions for future research are offered.

This study aimed to explore the current status of teachers' multicultural education literacy and multicultural curriculum practices, with a total of 274 elementary school science teachers from Taitung County as survey participants. The questionnaire used a Likert-type four-point scale which content included the teachers' perception of multicultural education literacy and their multicultural education curriculum practices. The primary findings were as follows: (1) Teachers' perception of multicultural education literacy reflected a highly positive and affirming attitude. (2) Teachers from various backgrounds did not demonstrate significant differences in their perception related to multicultural education literacy. (3) Teachers who graduated from junior teacher colleges, normal universities, or teacher colleges and those who teach natural sciences were more likely to place importance on multicultural concepts and practices in their curriculum. (4) Although teachers had a high level of perception related to multicultural education, there was still a gap in their ability to actually carry out multicultural teaching.