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Figure 1. Schematic overview of the micro/nanorobots classified by four driving methods. The illustrations are adapted from the following literature.Magnetic field: Adapted with permission. [27] Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH GmbH. Light: Reproduced under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license. [28]

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Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relevant factors of pain after transvaginal mesh (TVM) surgery for the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse and to analyse the management and relief of the pain.Methods: A multicentre retrospective study of a clinical database of patients who underwent TVM surgery was conducted, and pain related aspects were analysed.Results: A total of 1855 patients were included in the study. We divided the patients into two groups: pain-free (1805 patients) and pain (50 patients) group. The incidence of pain after TVM surgery was 2.70%, with a median occurrence time of 7.5 months. Pain mainly involved the vagina, perineum, buttocks, groin, inner thighs, and lower abdomen. Excessive intraoperative blood loss (OR=1.284, 95%CI 0.868-2.401) and postoperative anatomic failure (OR=1.577, 95%CI 0.952-3.104) were analysed as risk factors with statistical significance. Mesh exposure rate in the pain group was 38%, showing a significant difference between the groups (P<0.01). Forty patients underwent non-surgical treatment, with a relief rate of 40.0%, 33 patients received surgical treatment, 15 underwent partial mesh removal, and 18 underwent complete mesh removal, with a relief rate of 84.8%. The total relief rate was 88% within all 50 patients suffering from pain.Conclusions: Excessive intraoperative bleeding and unsatisfactory postoperative anatomic outcomes can increase the risk of postoperative pain; mesh exposure is also associated with the pain. Most patients can get pain relief with proper management, more than half of whom may need mesh removal with differing approach.

Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the relevant factors of pain after transvaginal mesh (TVM) surgery for the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse, and to analyze the management and relief of the pain. Methods A retrospective study of a clinical database of patients who underwent TVM surgery was conducted, and pain related aspects were analyzed. Results The incidence of pain after TVM surgery was 2.70% (50/1855), with a median occurrence time of 7.5 months. Pain symptoms mainly involved vagina, perineum, buttocks, groin, inner thighs, and lower abdomen. Greater intraoperative blood loss (OR = 1.284, 95%CI 0.868–2.401) and postoperative anatomic failure (OR = 1.577, 95%CI 0.952–3.104) were analyzed as risk factors with statistical significance. Mesh exposure rate in pain group was 38%, showing a significant difference between groups (P < 0.01). Forty patients underwent non-surgical treatments, with a relief rate of 40.0%; 33 patients were performed surgical treatments, 15 of which underwent partial mesh removal and 18 underwent complete mesh removal, with a relief rate of 84.8%. The total relief rate was 88% within all 50 patients suffering from pain. Conclusions Excessive intraoperative bleeding and postoperative anatomic failure can increase the risk of postoperative pain; mesh exposure, mesh contracture, and mesh position abnormality are also associated. Most patients can get pain relief with proper management, more than half of which may need mesh removal with differing amounts.