Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major environmental factor that causes DNA damage, inflammation, erythema, sunburn, immunosuppression, photoaging, gene mutations, and skin cancer. p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) are strongly activated by UV radiation, and play important roles in regulating cellular responses to UV. In this review, we examine the role played by p38 MAPK in mediating UV-induced cell cycle, apoptosis, inflammation, and skin tanning response. We review the role played by p38 MAPK in transcriptional regulation of key downstream genes that have been implicated in the regulation of cellular responses to UV radiation. Understanding this will undoubtedly help in the prevention and control of UV-induced damage and the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Polypeptide from Chlamys farreri (PCF) is a novel marine active product isolated from gonochoric Chinese scallop Chlamys farreri which has recently been found to be an effective antioxidant. In this study, we assessed the effect of PCF on UVB-induced intracellular signalling of apoptosis in HaCaT cells. Pre-treatment with PCF significantly inhibited UVB-induced apoptosis in HaCaT cells. PCF strongly reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level followed by inhibiting the release of cytochrome c. The expression of CD95 and Fas-associating protein with death domain (FADD) was eliminated in a dose-dependent manner by PCF pre-treatment in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells, followed by inhibition of cleavage of procaspase-8, whose activation induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, pre-treatment with the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and the caspase-8 inhibitor z-IETD-fmk was found to effectively prevent UVB-induced apoptosis, suggesting that UVB-induced HaCaT cell apoptosis was partially due to generation of ROS and activation of the caspase-8 pathway. Consequently, the protective effect of PCF against UVB irradiation in HaCaT cells is exerted by suppression of generation of ROS followed by inhibition of cytochrome c release and inactivation of Fas-FADD-caspase-8 pathway, resulting in blockage of UVB-induced apoptosis.
China is currently in a stage of high-quality economic development, but the high energy consumption and high pollution production methods of the construction industry are no longer adaptable to the country’s economic development goals in the new era. As one of the important tools for the government to regulate high-quality advancement, taxation plays a vital role in the green development of the construction industry. This research uses panel data of 26 provinces in China from 2008 to 2017 and constructs a multiple intermediary effect model to conduct an empirical test on the impact of green taxes on the carbon emission efficiency of the construction industry and its mechanism. The results show that green taxation promotes carbon emission efficiency by accelerating the promotion of fixed capital investment in this industry, accelerating the flow of technological elements and technological research and development. This study further verifies that green taxation and carbon emission efficiency present an inverted U-shape relationship, and that the path mechanism of green taxation, fixed capital investment and technological progress-improving carbon emission efficiency of the construction industry has an intermediary effect. On this basis, suggestions are offered to rationally adjust the corporate tax burden, optimize the industrial structure, and actively guide the green transformation of the construction industry.
Background: Sepsis-induced myopathy (SIM) is a disease that causes motor dysfunction in patients with sepsis. There is currently no targeted treatment for this disease. Acupuncture has shown considerable efficacy in the treatment of sepsis and muscle weakness. Therefore, our research aims to explore the effects of acupuncture on the improvement of muscle structure and function in SIM patients and on activities of daily living. Methods: The ACU-SIM pilot study is a single-center, propensity-score stratified, assessor-blinded, prospective pragmatic controlled trial (pCT) with a 1-year follow-up period. This study will be deployed in a multi-professional critical care department at a tertiary teaching hospital in Guangzhou, China. Ninety-eight intensive care unit subjects will be recruited and assigned to either the control group or the acupuncture group. Both groups will receive basic treatment for sepsis, and the acupuncture group will additionally receive acupuncture treatment. The primary outcomes will be the rectus femoris cross-sectional area, the Medical Research Council sum-score and time-to-event (defined as all-cause mortality or unplanned readmission to the intensive care unit due to invasive ventilation). The activities of daily living will be accessed by the motor item of the Functional Independence Measure. Recruitment will last for 2 years, and each patient will have a 1-year follow-up after the intervention. Discussion: There is currently no research on the therapeutic effects of acupuncture on SIM. The results of this study may contribute to new knowledge regarding early muscle atrophy and the treatment effect of acupuncture in SIM patients, and the results may also direct new approaches and interventions in these patients. This trial will serve as a pilot study for an upcoming multicenter real-world study. Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trials Registry: ChiCTR-1900026308, registered on September 29th, 2019.
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