As one of the largest agricultural countries in the world, China has always paid close attention to the sustainable development of agricultural production efficiency. However, with global climate change, extreme weather has become an exogenous factor that cannot be ignored, as it affects agricultural production. Most of the existing studies only consider the domestic natural resources and economic factors, without fully considering the external climate factors. This paper uses the super undesirable dynamic Slacks-Based Measures (SBM) under an exogenous variable model to simulate the external environmental factors by adding extreme weather days. The Dagum Gini coefficient and kernel density estimation are used to explore the regional differences in agricultural production in China. The results show that the agricultural production efficiency is higher in the eastern region, and the difference in agricultural production efficiency among the provinces in the middle and western regions is large, showing a trend of polarization. The difference in the Gini coefficient between the middle and western regions is more significant. The main contribution factor of the Dagum Gini coefficient is the inter-regional difference. The regional concentration degree of agriculture in China is decreasing, the regional distribution of agricultural water resources is more balanced, and the national regional difference gradually decreases. Finally, some suggestions are put forward, such as extreme weather control, agricultural water supply, and water-saving measures.

The combination of knowledge innovation and technology innovation provides vitality for social science and technology innovation. China leaps into the front ranks of the world in the 2021 Global Innovation Index (GII). Therefore, this research takes China's theoretical-application innovation as the research object and empirically analyzes measure the innovation efficiency of knowledge innovation dominated by universities and technological innovation dominated by enterprises in China, as well as the gravity-center migration trajectory. The results show that the ranking of overall efficiency of theoretical innovation-application innovation is eastern region > central region > western region. Knowledge innovation presents a drag on overall efficiency, while technology innovation offers a contribution to overall efficiency. In the analysis of PIE (R&D personnel of industrial enterprises above a designated size) variables, the efficiency value is relatively low. The peak value of kernel density increases in the eastern, central and western regions, namely the concentration degree of theoretical innovation-application innovation efficiency in China has risen. The gravity center of each stage migrates to the eastern region, meaning the efficiency value of China’s theoretical innovation and application innovation increases more significantly in the eastern region. From the perspective of knowledge innovation and technology innovation, this paper puts forward suggestions for China and provides some references for other developing countries.

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In the context of China's economic transformation, the consumption of mineral resources plays an important role in its economy's sustainable development, and so improving mining efficiency is regarded as the basis of industrial development. However, in the pursuit of mine exploitation, the destruction of land resources has attracted greater attention by government and society, with many scholars focusing more on land rehabilitation in recent years. Thus, from the perspective of climate change, this research synthetically analyzes the two stages of mining production and land rehabilitation, by applying mining employees, fixed assets' investment stock, production of non-petroleum mineral resources, accumulated destruction of land area, rehabilitation investment, rehabilitation of land area, and average temperature to the dynamic two-stage directional-distance-function data envelopment analysis (DEA) model under exogenous variables for 29 provinces in China. The results show that the overall efficiency of mining-production-land rehabilitation in most provinces fluctuates around 0.5 and spans a large range of improvement. The efficiency of the mining production stage fluctuates around 0.55 and is relatively flat over four years. The efficiency of the land rehabilitation stage fluctuates during the four years, with it being higher in 2014, but lower in 2015. Generally speaking, the efficiency of the land rehabilitation stage is higher, promoting the improvement of overall efficiency, but the efficiencies of some provinces' land rehabilitation stage are quite different, as some provinces still need to improve their overall efficiency level. There are also differences in the efficiencies of each decision-making units (DMU)'s variables. In sum, China should initiate corresponding policies according to specific situations, promote scientific mining in each province, and coordinate the development of mining production and land rehabilitation.Land 2020, 9, 76 2 of 25 its proportion within total energy consumption has gradually fallen, it still plays an important role in China's energy supply. At present, over 95% of energy, over 80% of industrial raw materials, and over 70% of the agricultural means of production come from mineral resources. This shows how mining and the development of mines provide the necessary material basis and resource guarantee for the development of China's economy and help improve the employment level and income level of its citizens. Therefore, its government should pay particular attention to the improvement of mining input-output efficiency.

Scientific evaluation of the sustainable development efficiency of China's large and medium‐sized cities has far‐reaching significance to how to improve the well‐being of residents and improve the level of sustainable development. This research uses the parallel two‐stage SBM dynamic (PT‐DSBM) model to evaluate the sustainable development efficiency of 33 cities in eastern, central, and western China. The innovation of this article is divided into two points. First of all, the PT‐DSBM model is used to subdivide the sustainable development system into social, economic, and ecological subsystems and closely integrates it with residents' QOL, which further reveals the inherent mechanism of the sustainable development system. Second, the spatiotemporal evolution can further reveal the spatiotemporal changes of sustainable development and residents' QOL within the scope of this investigation. The results show the following. (1) The overall efficiency of urban sustainable development in China is high in the east and west and low in the central. (2) The social subsystem efficiency in western cities exhibits outstanding performance, eastern cities perform better in economic and ecological sustainable subsystems, while the efficiency of residents' QOL remains at a high level in the sample cities as a whole. (3) In the study of spatiotemporal evolution, the concentration of urban sustainable development decreases with time evolution. Finally, this research gives suggestions on social security, stakeholder engagement, and environmental policies.