Fracture nonunion is a common and challenging complication. Although direct current stimulation has been suggested to promote fracture healing, differences in cell density near the positive and negative electrodes have been reported during direct current stimulation. This study aimed to explore the effects of these differences on osteoblast proliferation and fracture healing. MC3T3-E1 cells were stimulated by positive and negative charges to observe cell proliferation, apoptosis, and osteogenic factor expression in vitro, while positive and negative charges were connected to the Kirschner wires of the fractures in an in vivo double-toe fracture model in New Zealand white rabbits and fracture healing was assessed in digital radiography (DR) examinations performed on days 1, 15, 30. Bone tissue samples of all rabbits were analysed histologically after the last examination. The results showed that in comparison with the control group, after DC stimulation, the number of cells near the positive electrode decreased significantly (P < 0.05), apoptosis increased (P < 0.05), the expression of osteocalcin, osteoblast-specific genes, and osteonectin decreased significantly near the positive electrode (P < 0.05) and increased significantly at the negative electrode (P < 0.05). The fracture at the positive electrode junction of New Zealand white rabbits did not heal. Histomorphological analysis showed more bone trabeculae and calcified bone in the bone tissue sections of the control group and the negative electrode group than in the positive electrode group. The bone trabeculae were thick and showed good connections. However, positive charge inhibited osteoblast proliferation and a positive charge at fracture sites did not favour fracture healing. Thus, a positive charge near the fracture site may be a reason for fracture nonunion.
Background Thumb duplication is a very common congenital malformation. This study describes and compares the phenotypic manifestations of polydactyly between southwest and northeast China. However, previous studies had a limited sample size. Therefore, this study used a large sample. Methods A total of 3549 well-characterized thumb duplication cases were divided into group A (southwest China) and group B (northeast China). Results In group A and group B, the left-to-right ratio was 1:1.5 and 1:1.75, respectively, and the female-to-male ratio was 1:1.5 and 1:1.58, respectively. Conclusions There were no significant differences in gender distribution or the distribution of left and right polydactyly between the two groups, but the distribution of bilateral polydactyly was significantly different.
Fracture nonunion is a common and challenging complication. Studies have reported that direct current stimulation can promote fracture healing, but there are reports that there are differences in cell density near positive and negative electrodes during direct current stimulation. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of direct current positive and negative electrodes on the proliferation of osteoblasts and the effect on fracture healing in vivo. In vitro, MC3T3-E1 cells were stimulated by positive and negative charge to observe cell proliferation, apoptosis and osteogenic factor expression. In vivo, after the model of double toes fracture in New Zealand white rabbits was built, positive and negative charge were respectively connected to Kirschner Wires of fractures. DR examination was performed on Day 1, Day 15 and Day 30 to observe the fracture healing. All rabbits were killed after the last examination, the bone tissue samples were analyzed histologically. The results showed that compared with the control group, after DC stimulation, the number of cells near the positive electrode decreased significantly (P < 0.05), apoptosis increased (P < 0.05), osteocalcin, osteoblast specific gene and osteonectin decreased significantly near the positive electrode (P < 0.05), and increased significantly at the negative electrode (P < 0.05). The fracture at the positive electrode junction of New Zealand white rabbits did not heal. Histomorphological analysis showed that there were more bone trabeculae and calcified bone in the bone tissue sections of the control group and the negative electrode than at the positive electrode. The thickness of bone trabeculae was thick and the connection was good. Positive charge inhibit the cell proliferation of osteoblasts; the fracture site with positive charge is not favor of fracture healing. The positive charge near the fracture site may be a reason for fracture nonunion.
Background: Fracture nonunion is a common and challenging complication. Studies have reported that direct current stimulation can promote fracture healing, but there are reports that there are differences in cell density near positive and negative electrodes during direct current stimulation. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of direct current positive and negative electrodes on the proliferation of osteoblasts and the effect on fracture healing in vivo. Methods: In vitro, MC3T3-E1 cells were stimulated by positive and negative charge to observe cell proliferation and apoptosis. In vivo, after the model of double toes fracture in New Zealand white rabbits was built, positive and negative charge were respectively connected to Kirschner Wires of fractures. DR examination was performed on Day 1, Day 15 and Day 30 to observe the fracture healing. All rabbits were killed after the last examination, the bone tissue samples were analyzed histologically. Results: In vitro, compared to the proliferation rate of cells near negative charge, after 48 hours, the rate near the positive charge decreased significantly(p<0.05), and the apoptosis increased(p<0.05). In vivo, fracture sites connected to the positive charge were not healed and histomorphology analysis showed that the trabecular bone and mineralized bone decreased significantly. Conclusions: Positive charge inhibit the cell proliferation of osteoblasts; the fracture site with positive charge is not favor of fracture healing. The positive charge near the fracture site may be a reason for fracture nonunion.
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