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SUMMARYWe present a hierarchical replicated state machine (H-RSM) and its corresponding consensus protocol D-Paxos for replication across multiple data centers in the cloud. Our H-RSM is based on the idea of parallel processing and aims to improve resource utilization. We detail D-Paxos and theoretically prove that D-Paxos implements an H-RSM. With batching and logical pipelining, D-Paxos efficiently utilizes the idle time caused by high-latency message transmission in a wide-area network and available bandwidth in a local-area network. Experiments show that D-Paxos provides higher throughput and better scalability than other Paxos variants for replication across multiple data centers. To predict the optimal batch sizes when D-Paxos reaches its maximum throughput, an analytical model is developed theoretically and validated experimentally.

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