A new set of quantitative models of colour emotion and colour harmony were developed in this study using psychophysical data collected from 12 regions in the world, and the UK. These data have previously been published in journals or conferences (for details see Tables 1 and 2). For colour emotion, three new models were derived, showing satisfactory predictive performance in terms of an average correlation coefficient of 0.78 for "warm/cool", 0.80 for "heavy/light" and 0.81 for "active/passive". The new colour harmony model also had satisfactory predictive performance, with an average correlation coefficient of 0.72. Principal component analysis shows that the common colour harmony principles, including hue similarity, chroma similarity, lightness difference and high lightness principles, were partly agreed by observers of the same region. The findings suggest that it is feasible to develop universal models of colour emotion and colour harmony, and that the former was found to be relatively more culture-independent than the latter. K E Y W O R D Scolour emotion, colour harmony, cross-cultural study, universal model

A psychophysical experiment was carried out to investigate visual comfort for reading on an iPad under various illuminance levels, ranging from 50 lx to 1200 lx, in order to see whether and how the following variables can influence the visual comfort: observer's age, gender, the illuminance of ambient lighting, and the background colour in a document layout. A panel of 21 young and 22 older Taiwanese observers participated in the study. The paired comparison method was used for data collection and analysis. The experimental results show that for all lighting conditions, young observers tended to prefer reading documents that had a moderate CIELAB lightness difference between text and background, while older observers tended to prefer reading those with an extremely large lightness difference. The results also show that female observers tended to feel less comfortable than male observers when reading documents with an extremely large lightness difference. These findings were found not to be affected by the ambient illuminance. Regarding the influence of document background colour on visual comfort, the observers tended to feel more comfortable reading documents that had a gray background than reading those with a background colour of either white or black. It was also found that the visual comfort was slightly higher for positive polarity than for negative polarity, but the difference between the two settings was insignificant. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 352–361, 2017

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