Emergence of new virus and their heterogeneity are growing at an alarming rate. Sudden outburst of Nipah virus (NiV) has raised serious question about their instant management using conventional medication and diagnostic measures. A coherent strategy with versatility and comprehensive perspective to confront the rising distress could perhaps be effectuated by implementation of nanotechnology. But in concurrent to resourceful and precise execution of nano-based medication, there is an ultimate need of concrete understanding of the NIV pathogenesis. Moreover, to amplify the effectiveness of nano-based approach in a conquest against NiV, a list of developed nanosystem with antiviral activity is also a prerequisite. Therefore the present review provides a meticulous cognizance of cellular and molecular pathogenesis of NiV. Conventional as well several nano-based diagnosis experimentations against viruses have been discussed. Lastly, potential efficacy of different forms of nano-based systems as convenient means to shield mankind against NiV has also been introduced.

Zoonotic diseases continue to affect the health and livelihood of resource limited communities. In Ethiopia, despite the presence of a national master plan for prevention, control and elimination of some common zoonotic diseases, well-organized epidemiological data regarding incidence and distribution are lacking. A retrospective cross-sectional study based on a patient medical data recorded from 2012–2016 in selected districts of Southern Tigray, North Wollo zone of Amhara region and Ab’Ala district of Afar region was conducted to map the distribution and Incidence proportion of major zoonotic diseases. The incidence proportion of four major zoonotic diseases (helminthiasis, tuberculosis (TB), rabies and schistosomiasis) was mapped using qGIS software based on the Health Management Information System (HMIS) data collected from district health facilities. The result indicated that, out of a total 1,273,145 observed human disease cases, 53,614 (4.2%) of them were potential zoonotic diseases that include: helminthiasis (51,192), TB (2,085), rabies (227), schistosomiasis (105) and visceral leishmaniasis (7). The highest incidence proportion of TB (262.8 cases per 100,000 population) and rabies (33.2 cases per 100,000 population) were recorded in Gubalafto and Weldya followed by Raya Alamata (253.4 cases per 100,000 population %), and Ab’Ala and Raya Azebo (29 cases each per 100,000 population) for TB and rabies, respectively. The highest incidence proportion for schistosomiasis was reported in Raya Alamata (50.1 cases per 100,000 population) followed by Gubalafto and Weldya (10.8 cases per 100,000 population). The incidence proportion of visceral leishmaniasis per 100,000 population was 4.1, 1.3 and 1.2 cases for Ab’Ala, Gubalafto and Weldiya, and Raya Azebo districts, respectively. Except rabies, which showed high incidence proportion (p<0.0001) in 5–14 age groups, the other zoonotic diseases showed higher incidence proportion (p<0.0001) in age groups above 15 years. Rabies, helminthiasis and schistosomiasis showed statistically significant variation (p<0.0001) among seasons. Rabies and TB showed decreasing trend within the data recorded years. In animals, only 31 rabies cases and 15 anthrax cases were recorded from 2012 to 2016. This finding highlighted the distribution and incidence of some major zoonotic diseases in the study areas. Systematic and detailed research should be conducted in the future to map the distribution of major zoonotic diseases at regional and country level so as to initiate integrated effort from human and animal health authorities and professionals.

Neglected tropical zoonotic diseases (NTZDs) continue to have a major effect on the health of humans and animals. In this study, a one health approach was used to prioritize and rank neglected tropical zoonotic diseases at the regional and zonal levels in Tigray National Regional State, Ethiopia. For prioritization of NTZDs a cross-sectional study through a structured questionnaire was administered to 313 health experts from human and animal health sectors. In addition, focus group discussions (FGD) were held with purposively selected key informants. Descriptive, and Multivariable analysis was applied to report the results and a ranked list of diseases was developed at the zonal and regional level. In the region, 8 of the 12 World Health Organization listed NTZDs were considered major diseases including anthrax, brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, taeniasis, leishmaniasis, rabies, schistosomiasis, and soil-transmitted helminths. Considering the zoonotic and socioeconomic importance of the diseases at the regional level, rabies ranked 1stwhereas anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, and brucellosis were ranked from 2nd to 5th, respectively. The FGD result also supported the prioritization result. The Multivariable analysis showed a statistically significant difference in the zonal distribution of anthrax (р = 0.009, OR = 1.16), taeniasis (p<0.001, OR = 0.82), leishmaniasis (p<0.001, OR = 1.91), rabies (p = 0.020, OR = 0.79) and soil-transmitted helminths (p = 0.007, OR = 0.87) but not for brucellosis (p = 0.585), bovine tuberculosis (p = 0.505), and schistosomiasis (p = 0.421). Anthrax (p<0.001, OR = 26.68), brucellosis (p<0.001, OR = 13.18), and taeniasis (p<0.001, OR = 6.17) were considered as the major zoonotic diseases by veterinary practitioners than human health practitioners whereas, leishmaniasis was recognized as a major health challenge by human health professionals. Understanding the priority diseases in the region is supportive for informed decision-making and prioritizes the limited resources to use. Furthermore, strengthening the collaboration between human and animal health professions is important to control the diseases.

Neglected tropical zoonotic diseases (NTZDs) continue to affect the health and livelihoods of humans particularly the poor and marginalized populations in developing countries. Mapping the distribution and burden of these diseases will support making an informed decision. A retrospective study was conducted to map the spatial distribution and analyse trend of NTZDs in Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia. A health management information system (HMIS) data between 2012/13 and 2016/17 was obtained from Tigray National Regional State Health Bureau. The Quantum-GIS software was used to map the spatial distribution and burden of selected NTZDs at zonal level. Only four of

This study was conducted at Lake Small Abaya Ethiopia, to identify Clinostomum and Contracaecum parasites from a total of 384 O. niloticus species sampled during November 2013-April 2014. Of the 384 samples collected, 138 (35.9%) were infested with nematode of Contracaecum species and 72 (18.8%) were infected with trematode of Clinostomum species. The intensity of infestation by Contracaecum and Clinostomum was 1-19 worms per fish (mean intensity=4.47) and 1-12 worms per fish (mean intensity=3.56) respectively. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the prevalence of infestation among host sex, host size and host weight. There was no any statistically significant (p>0.05) correlation between the number of Clinostomum, Contracaecum and the mixed number of parasites and the fish's condition. In conclusion, the study show that fish parasite are prevalent in Small Abaya lake .Hence, further studies and appropriate control measure are recommended to reduce their effect on the fishery industry and public health. (June, 2010). In the same feed item no significant difference in the nutrient content was found during the study period (Tables 1-4). Mean variationsThe variations in the mean values of nutrient contents (protein, lipid and carbohydrate) with different treatments of feed items are presented in Table 3 and Figures 1-3. Protein content significantly varied from 6.18 ± 0.13% with treatment T 6 (banana leaf) to 30.53 ± 0.40% with treatment T 3 (mustard oilcake). Lipid content significantly varied from 3.06 ± 0.09% with treatment T 6 (banana leaf) to 13.33 ± 0.10% with treatment T 3 (mustard oilcake). Carbohydrate significantly varied from 32.95 ± 0.29% with treatment T 3 (mustard oilcake) to 66.12 ± 0.47% with treatment T 2 (wheat bran). Discussion Monthly variations of the nutrient contentsProtein content varied from 6.05 ± 0.45% with (T 6 at 6 th month) to 31.20 ± 0.32% (T 3 at 2 nd month). Lipid content ranged from 2.95 ± 0.21% (T 6 at 5 th month) to 13.72 ± 0.36% (T 3 at 4 th month Study designA cross sectional study was conducted from November 2013 to April 2014 at Small Abaya Lake to determine the prevalence of parasitic infestation of O. niloticus /Nile tilapia/. The desired sample size was calculated using the formula given by Thrusfield [11]. By considering 95% confidence interval, 5% desired absolute precision and 50% expected prevalence and the total number of sample found to be 384. Study methodologySample collection: A total of 384 O. niloticus species of fish were sampled and examined. All the fish were caught using gill net with mesh size ranging from 6 to 12 cm. Harvested fishes were transported in ice to Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, National Fisheries and other Aquatic Life Research Center, Sebeta, for analysis. The length (L) of fish was taken from the tip of the snout to the posterior tip of the caudal fin and was measured to the nearest ± 0.1 cm. The weight of the fish was measured to the nearest gram using an electric balance.Laboratory examinations: Each f...