Cannabis sativa is known among many cultures for its medicinal potential. Its complexity contributes to the historical application of various parts of the plant in ethno-medicines and pharmacotherapy. C. sativa has been used for the treatment of rheumatism, epilepsy, asthma, skin burns, pain, the management of sexually transmitted diseases, difficulties during child labor, postpartum hemorrhage, and gastrointestinal activity. However, the use of C. sativa is still limited, and it is illegal in most countries. Thus, this review aims to highlight the biological potential of the plant parts, as well as the techniques for the extraction, isolation, and characterization of C. sativa compounds. The plant produces a unique class of terpenophenolic compounds, called cannabinoids, as well as non-cannabinoid compounds. The exhaustive profiling of bioactive compounds and the chemical characterization and analysis of C. sativa compounds, which modern research has not yet fully achieved, is needed for the consistency, standardization, and the justified application of Cannabis sativa products for therapeutic purposes. Studies on the clinical relevance and applications of cannabinoids and non-cannabinoid phenols in the prevention and treatment of life-threatening diseases is indeed significant. Furthermore, psychoactive cannabinoids, when chemically standardized and administered under medical supervision, can be the legal answer to the use of C. sativa.

The adoption of crop-livestock integration (CLI) among smallholder farmers in the developing countries is no doubt one of the solutions to food security, risk management, and poverty alleviation in sub-Saharan Africa. However, adequate assessment on the current status of CLI becomes necessary for the development and its evolution among smallholder farmers. This article presents a basic and multi-objective linear programming (LP) model to determine enterprise combinations of crop and livestock activities that maximize total gross margin (TGM) among small farms in the Eastern Cape Province. Optimization modeling results and trade-off analysis showed 122.61% increase and 58% decreases, respectively, compared with the average TGM per livestock unit (LU). Smallholder CLI farmers can optimally maximized profit, but fail to optimally maximize home consumption with profit maximization objectives at present resource level. The results further revealed that resources such as land, livestock enterprises were (loose resources) not efficiently used. Efficient and capital use and compact arrangement of crop-livestock integration are suggested instead of free access grazing practice in the study area.

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The present study aimed to reveal the abundant tapestry of research on citrus waste and livestock feed, taking into account the recurring challenges posed by feed shortage and high price of conventional animal feed in livestock farming. In total, 565 articles were retrieved in a BibTeX format for analysis using bibliometric package in R studio. The retrieved data included, but not restricted to authors, citations, keywords, journals, and institutions. Published outputs on citrus waste and animal feed for livestock production obtained from Scopus and web of science (WOS) databases were used in this study. The field of citrus waste and livestock feed research experienced an increase in terms of research outputs with an annual growth of 10.20% during the study period. Based on the country level, Brazil was rated first with an aggregate sum of publications (n = 81), with China having a huge global academic influence with most top article citations (n = 1,338). The topmost authors' keywords commonly used in the studied research area were citrus pulp (n = 48), pectin (n = 26), performance (n = 22), and citrus (n = 33), which created a hint on associated studies on citrus waste and livestock feed. The present study provides a global trend to traverse the intellectual quandary on citrus waste and livestock feed research, and guidance for further studies in this field. It is essential to stress that the present study only dealt with core areas of citrus waste and livestock feed research, hence, it is anticipated that new empirical research and prospective solutions would afford new knowledge insight on citrus waste and livestock feed as new studies evolve.