Objectives: To assess the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among married individuals and to analyze the associated risk factors of HBV infection in vaccinated and unvaccinated groups in 2006 and 2014. Methods: Information of married individuals aged over 16 y with a clear HBV vaccination status was extracted from the database constructed by the Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control from population-based investigation. A structured questionnaire was employed to collect demographic information, vaccinated history, and other related influence information of HBV of participants. Pearson chi-square test, Fisher's test, and logistic regression were used to explore the risk factors of HBV infection.

Objectives To evaluate cost-utility of universal Hepatitis B vaccination program in the Beijing city (Beijing). Methods A decision-Markov model was constructed to determine the cost-utility of the universal immunization program for infants (universal vaccination program) by comparing with a hypothetic nonvaccination strategy in Beijing. Parameters in models were extracted from Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) annual work report, Beijing health statistical yearbook, National Health Survey report, Beijing 1% population sample survey report, Beijing Health and Medical Price Monitoring Data Platform, and public literatures. The incremental cost‑utility ratio (ICUR) was used to compare alternative scenarios. One-way sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were used to assess parameter uncertainties. Results The universal vaccination program had increased the utility and reduced cost among infants born in 2016 in Beijing. The ICUR was CNY −24,576.61 (US$ −3779.16) per QALY for universal vaccination program comparing with non-vaccination scenario from healthcare perspective. It was estimated that the universal vaccination would save direct medical treatment cost of CNY 2,262,869,173.50 (US$ 347,962,414.43) and prevent loss of 18322.25 QALYs within lifetime of target cohort. Discount rate accounted for the most remarkable influence on ICUR in one-way sensitivity analysis. The result of probabilistic sensitivity analysis illustrated that all of the ICURs were located in the fourth quadrant of the cost-utility incremental plot undergone 5000 times of Monte Carlo simulation. Conclusions Current universal hepatitis B vaccination program in Beijing was highly cost utility. The investment was reasonable for current universal vaccination program in Beijing.

Background As one major disease threatening human health, stroke has placed a heavy financial burden on patients worldwide. This study aims to confirm whether there are disparities and inequity in the utilization of inpatient health services for stroke inpatients covered by different health insurance schemes. Methods We conducted statistical analysis based on the data containing urban employee-based basic medical insurance scheme (UEBMI) and urban resident-based basic medical insurance scheme (URBMI) groups, supplied by the China Health Insurance Research Association (CHIRA). Descriptive analysis was the main method to finish this analysis. Results Of the 56485 inpatients who had been diagnosed with ischemic stroke, extracted from the CHIRA claimed database, 64.6% (36487) were covered by UEBMI and 35.4% (19998) were covered by URBMI; the mean age of UEBMI subgroup was slightly older than URBMI subgroup (68.64 and 67.45 years old). The annual frequency of hospitalization of UEBMI subgroup was 1.21 times and 1.15 times for URBMI subgroup. The average length of stay of UEBMI subgroup(13.93days) was longer than URBMI subgroup (10.82 days). The UEBMI group had a higher hospitalization costs but fewer out-of-pocket costs: for the UEBMI subgroup, the average hospitalization cost was RMB11187.64($1724.02), the average total out-of-pocket costs was RMB2646.42($407.81). While for the URBMI subgroup, the average hospitalization cost was RMB6402.27($986.59) and the average total out-of-pocket costs was RMB2746.10($423.17). All the above differences were significant(P<0.001). Meanwhile, patients with UEBMI had higher reimbursement rate (82.65% and 63.82%). Conclusions We found that there were nonnegligible disparities in the utilization of inpatient health services between UEBMI and URBMI as well as health inequity and financial protection inequity. Thus, our results call for a systemic strategy to improve the fragmented social health insurance system and narrow the gap in health insurance schemes in China.