Public policy has played an important role in the development of wind energy technology. However, compared to the rich literature on the supporting mechanisms for frontrunner countries, little research has focused on the latecomers, especially regarding the catch-up and take-over process. The key policy initiatives that would enable latecomers to fulfil their technology leapfrogging goals are also unclear. Using the empirical setting of the Chinese wind energy market, four phases of technology development based on technological capacity and market development status are identified. The logic of the policy initiatives selected for each phase is then illustrated in light of the prevailing sectoral goals and macro policy framework. The findings confirm the interactive relationship between the various factors and also illustrate that technological capacity is the fundamental factor for achieving sustainable leapfrogging.

Over the past 20 years, the number of patents assigned to universities has increased dramatically. This increase coincided with several policy initiatives, such as the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, designed to foster technology transfer between universities and the private sector. This paper examines the effect of such policies using an institutional framework, designed to illustrate how factors both from inside and outside of academia influence the decision to patent university research. We find passage of the Bayh-Dole Act spurred university patenting, but did not induce additional applied research funding. Thus, Bayh-Dole fostered technology transfer, but did not result in more applied research at universities. © 2005 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management

Recent transformations in the global wind energy industry have considerable implications for firms to catch up as the sectoral frontier advances from on- and offshore wind turbines towards digital/hybrid systems. These technological shifts potentially precipitate new green windows of opportunity. This article finds that latecomer firms show different capabilities in responding to technological transformation at the global level, which explains variations in catch-up trajectories under the same framework conditions.

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Existing literature often analyzes the effects of horizontal relationships on collaborative governance, though some scholars have started to recognize the role of hierarchical interventions. This paper identities two poorly examined areas of study. First, there is a lack of empirical studies to understand the diverse impacts of hierarchical interventions on collaborative governance. Second, there is little deliberation on how existing horizontal relationships can moderate the effects that hierarchical interventions have on collaborative governance. This paper utilizes environmental collaboration data from the Yangtze River Delta region in China to estimate the impacts of hierarchical interventions on collaborative arrangements and the contextual effects of horizontal relationships. We find that hierarchical interventions, such as top-down regulations and performance evaluation, enhance the formalization of collaborative arrangements. Additionally, horizontal relationships derived from past experiences can moderate the effects of hierarchical interventions, notwithstanding such effects vary among different interventions.