The hyponym-hypernym relation is an essential element in the semantic network. Identifying the hypernym from a definition is an important task in natural language processing and semantic analysis. While a public dictionary such as WordNet works for common words, its application in domain-specific scenarios is limited. Existing tools for hypernym extraction either rely on specific semantic patterns or focus on the word representation, which all demonstrate certain limitations. Here we propose a method by combining both the syntactic structure in definitions given by the word's part of speech, and the bidirectional gated recurrent unit network as the learning kernel. The output can be further tuned by including other features such as a word's centrality in the hypernym cooccurrence network. The method is tested in the corpus from Wikipedia featuring definition with high regularity, and the corpus from Stack-Overflow whose definition is usually irregular. It shows enhanced performance compared with other tools in both corpora. Taken together, our work not only provides a useful tool for hypernym extraction but also gives an example of utilizing syntactic structures to learn semantic relationships 1 .

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Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is a promising hydroxyl radical (•OH)-mediated tumor therapeutic method with desirable tumor specificity and minimal side effects. However, the efficiency of CDT is restricted by the pH condition, insufficient H2O2 level, and overexpressed reductive glutathione (GSH), making it challenging to solve these problems simultaneously to improve the efficacy of CDT. Herein, a kind of polyvinylpyrrolidone-stabilized, sorafenib-loaded copper peroxide (CuO2-PVP-SRF) nanoparticle (NPs) was designed and developed for enhanced CDT against tumor cells through the synergetic pH-independent Fenton-like, H2O2 self-supplying, and GSH depletion strategy. The prepared CuO2-PVP-SRF NPs can be uptaken by 4T1 cells to specifically release Cu2+, H2O2, and SRF under acidic conditions. The intracellular GSH can be depleted by SRF-induced system xc– dysfunction and Cu2+-participated redox reaction, causing the inactivation of GPX4 and generating Cu+. A great amount of •OH was produced in this reducing capacity-disrupted condition by the Cu+-mediated Fenton-like reaction, causing cell apoptosis and lipid hydroperoxide accumulation-induced ferroptosis. They display an excellent 4T1 cell killing outcome through the improved •OH production capacity. The CuO2-PVP-SRF NPs display elevated therapeutic efficiency of CDT and show good promise in further tumor treatment applications.

Carbon-based nanomaterials are a kind of attractive photothermal agents (PTAs) for tumor photothermal therapy (PTT). However, their inherent fluorescent emission always compromises the photothermal conversion efficiency and is a huge obstruction that needs to be solved. Herein, a kind of hemoglobin (Hb)-decorated boron-carbon nanosheets (BC NSs) was designed and developed with catalytic ability and near-infrared II light-responsive performance for photoacoustic (PA) imaging-guided synergistic tumor PTT/chemodynamic therapy (CDT). BC NSs were synthesized from biomass gelatin, coated with a polydopamine (PDA) layer, and decorated with Fenton agent Hb. The formed BC-PDA-Hb (BCPH) NSs had no fluorescent emission, high photothermal conversion performance (47.8% under 1064 nm laser irradiation), and excellent PA imaging capability. The Fe2+ carried in Hb can react with intratumoral overexpressed H2O2 to generate toxic hydroxyl radicals. In vitro and in vivo data revealed that BCPH NSs can achieve effective tumor elimination through synergistic PTT/CDT without detectable adverse effects on normal tissues. This work offers an effective strategy to develop carbon-based nanomedicines owning promoted photothermal performance and high biocompatibility for tumor theranostic applications.