No abstract

Between March and June, 2013, forty H7N9 patients were hospitalized in our hospital. Next-generation sequencing technologies have been used to sequence the fecal DNA samples of the patient, the within sample diversity analysis, enterotyping, functional gene and metagenomic species analysis have been carried on both the patients and healthy controls. The influence of associated treatment in H7N9 infected patients is dramatic and was firstly revealed in species level due to deep sequencing technology. We found that most of the MetaGenomic Species (MGS) enriched in the control samples were Roseburia inulinivorans DSM 16841, butyrate producing bacterium SS3/4 and most of MGS enriched in the H7N9 patients were Clostridium sp. 7 2 43FAA and Enterococcus faecium. It was concluded that H7N9 viral infection and antibiotic administration have a significant effect on the microbiota community with decreased diversity and overgrowth of the bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecium. Enterotype analysis showed that the communities were unstable. Treatment including antivirals, probiotics and antibiotics helps to improve the microbiota diversity and the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the gut.

Serological surveillance conducted in areas of an outbreak of influenza A(H7N9) infection in China found no seropositivity for antibodies specific for avian-origin influenza A(H7N9) among 1129 individuals of the general population, whereas >6% of 396 poultry workers were positive (on the basis of a hemagglutination inhibition titer of ≥ 80) for this subtype, confirming that infected poultry is the principal source of human infections and that subclinical infections are possible. Fourteen days after symptom onset, elevated levels of antibodies to A(H7N9) were found in 65.8% of patients (25/38) who survived but in only 28.6% of those (2/7) who died, suggesting that the presence of antibodies may improve clinical outcome in infected patients.

The South China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis, SCT) is the most critically endangered subspecies of tiger due to functional extinction in the wild. Inbreeding depression is observed among the captive population descended from six wild ancestors, resulting in high juvenile mortality and low reproduction. We assembled and characterized the first SCT genome and an improved Amur tiger (P. t. altaica, AT) genome named | 331