Study Design: A prospective randomized cohort study. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of intraoperative vertebral anesthesia on osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) when treated with percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP). Summary of Background Data: Only a few studies have evaluated the intraoperative pain reducing strategies during PKP. Materials and Methods: A total of 64 patients with OVCFs were enrolled in the study. All of the patients were randomized into 2 groups: the traditional local anesthesia group (from the skin to the periosteum, group A) and the experimental group (from the skin to a vertebral body, group B). Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score was used to evaluate the degree of pain at six time points, that is, VAS before surgery, VAS during balloon dilation, VAS during bone cement injection, VAS soon after surgery, and VAS 12 hours and 24 hours after surgery. In addition, we noted the patients’ willingness to undergo reoperation if necessary, and the variations in surgical complications between the 2 groups. Results: There was no significant difference in VAS score before surgery between the 2 groups (t=1.694, P=0.095). The VAS scores during balloon dilatation, bone cement injection and soon after surgery were significantly different between the 2 groups (t=4.405, P=0.000; t=2.481, P=0.016; t=2.992, P=0.004, respectively). The willingness to undergo reoperation was significantly different between 2 groups (χ2=6.020, P=0.049), whereas the complications showed no significant difference (χ2=0.000, P=0.754). Conclusions: Traditional local anesthesia combined with vertebral anesthesia was effective in alleviating perioperative pain during PKP. No serious complication was noted during the operation. Level of Evidence: Level I.

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Background and aimsTetraspanin proteins are closely related to the functional changes of B cells, including antigen presentation, production of cytokines, and transduction. We aim to explore the potential role of Tetraspanin 1 (TSPAN1) in the biological activities of B cells in AIH.Methods and resultsHerein, this study found that numbers of cells expressing TSPAN1 were significantly increased in AIH patients compared to PBC, chronic hepatitis B, and healthy control (P < 0.0001). Moreover, there was a positive correlation between numbers of TSPAN1+ cells and AIH disease severity (P < 0.0001). Immunofluorescence staining further confirmed that TSPAN1 was primarily expressed on CD19+ B cells. Flow-cytometric analysis showed that TSPAN1+ B cells secreted more inflammatory cytokines and expressed higher level of CD86 than TSPAN1- B cells. Furthermore, compared with TSAPN1- cells, the expression of CXCR3 on TSPAN1+ cells was also higher. Meanwhile, CXCL10, the ligand of CXCR3, was significantly elevated in the liver of AIH (P < 0.01) and had positive correlation with the quantities of TSPAN1 (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the numbers of TSPAN1+ B cells were decreased in AIH patients after immunosuppressive therapy.ConclusionsTSPAN1+ B cells in the liver may promote the progression of AIH via secreting cytokines and presenting antigens. The chemotactic movement of TSPAN1+ B cells toward the liver of AIH was possibly due to CXCR3 - CXCL10 interaction.