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A synthesis of gold nanoparticles dispersion in toluene by mixing immiscible solutions in a microchannel was proposed. The visualization test using red and blue ink aqueous solutions as a substitute for gold ion and reducing agent confirmed that the fluid showed the slug flow at below the flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The synthesis results found that gold nanoparticles with diameter from 3.0 to 4.1 nm was prepared at slug flow in the microchannel, and size control of gold nanoparticle enable by changing the flow rate.

In a synthesis of gold nanoparticles on a microfluidic device by citrate reduction, a particle size control by changing a flow rate was reported. To apply this simple control method to the synthesis of other metallic materials, we propose the synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) in ethylene glycol by the microfluidic device using ascorbic acid as both antioxidant and reducing agent. The experimental results found for the first time that the effect of the flow rate of agents on particle size of the synthesized CuNPs in the device.

Background: Linked deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hypermethylation investigations of promoter methylation levels of candidate genes may help to increase the progressiveness and mortality rates of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), which is a unique myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm caused by excessive monocyte and granulocyte proliferation in infancy/early childhood. However, the roles of hypermethylation in this malignant disease are uncertain.Methods: Bone marrow samples from a JMML patient and peripheral blood samples from a healthy monozygotic twin and an unrelated healthy donor were collected with the informed consent of the participant's parents. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) was then performed. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed to analyze specific differentially methylated region (DMG) related genes. The target genes were screened with Cytoscape and Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING), which are gene/ protein interaction databases. A data mining platform was used to examine the expression level data of the healthy control and JMML patient tissues in Gene Expression Omnibus data sets, and a survival analysis was performed for all the JMML patients. Results:The STRING analysis revealed that the red node [i.e., the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)] was the gene of interest. The gene-expression microarray data set analysis suggested that the CFTR expression levels did not differ significantly between the JMML patients and healthy controls (P=0.81). A statistically significant difference was observed in the CFTR promoter methylation level but not in the CFTR gene body methylation level. The overall survival analysis demonstrated that a high level of CFTR expression was associated with a worse survival rate in patients with JMML (P=0.039).Conclusions: CFTR promoter hypermethylation may be a novel biomarker for the diagnosis, monitoring of disease progression, and prognosis of JMML.

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