Cancerous condition is the result of abnormal physiological and cellular mechanisms that develop in an individual. The cells prone to cancer exhibit complexed behavioral abnormalities and disobedience to the normal cellular signaling pathways. Benign and malignant cancers show different proliferative behavior depending on the type of cells, their location, and functions. The cancerous tissues have increased vascular supply and a lower ratio of the rate of conversion of oxy-hemoglobin to deoxy-hemoglobin. In tissues, like the dense radiographic breast, show some morphological changes in the cell organelles like nuclei. The carbon nanoparticles act as suitable agents for carrying antiviral drugs, antibiotics, anticancer drugs, agents for imaging, and thermal ablation. Further, considering the multifaceted features, carbon nanomaterials can be a potential agent to induce apoptosis in the cancerous tissue that might help to restrict its growth. All these intentions need careful examinations, applications at laboratory, clinical, and mass-scale production, keeping in mind the environmental, judicial aspects, and human tendencies of maximizing their benefits. This short review is an effort to evaluate the potentials of carbon nanomaterials that can induce apoptosis in cancer tissue.

Viruses are at the threshold of living and nonliving entities. Virus particles exhibit lifeactivities when are within their respective hosts and act as non-living when present outside their hosts. This feature is very interesting and the related investigations can help to understand the differences between the functionalities at bionanointerfaces under living and nonliving phases. Metal and metal oxide nanomaterials occur naturally and are synthesized as per the need to meet the set targets. These nanosized materials have specifi c physicochemical properties such as high volume to area ratio, ability to get functionalized as per the need. These ubiquitous materials have multifaceted applications in almost all fi elds of sciences, industries, medical, clinical diagnostics, and remedial operations; these occupy an omnipresent status in our day to day life. Since these nanomaterials are a major integral part of industries and human life; these interact with the abiotic and biotic components of the environment. Viruses are the active entities of both these aspects of our environment. The interactions between metal and metal oxide nanomaterials and viruses are obvious and complex interactive phenomena. These complex interactions take place between nanomaterials and viruses within their respective hosts. The profi ling of such interactions helps to optimize the resultant impacts and enhances the degree of de novo designing, in vivo, and in vitro performances.

Biological scientists have been looking for a suitable experimental organism which can provide better understanding of biomolecular mechanisms involved in the physiological processes and observations can be readily interpolated. It can be easily procured, cost effective, and better maintained in laboratory conditions. Yeast is practically omnipresent in most of the biomes and exhibits higher genetic diversity in comparison to most of the angiosperms or chordates. These eukaryotes have very simple and short life cycle exhibiting budding, and sexual reproduction. Mostly, there are no ethical issues related to this organism being used as experimental model. Its small genome is the prime factor that makes easy manipulations in the field of molecular genetics, genomics, evolutionary genomics, senescence, cell cycle, biomedical genetics, and biotechnology. This experimental model opens new horizons in the direction of functional genomics that may be helpful in encoding metabolic mechanisms and ecological diversities.

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The extracellular vesicular entities, also called as plasma dusts, are present in all biological fluids, cell lines and cultures, are fascinating the researchers. Investigations related to their structure, formation, biological, physiological, and cellular status reveal that exosomes are biostable, and morphologically resemble nanomaterials, specifically, those from mesenchymal stem-cells. As the exosomes are multi-utility cellular products, their cellular yield and quantification seems to be tedious. Exosomes as nanostructures enhance the efficacies of extracellular vesicles or exosomes by fusing with lateral endosomes or multivesicular bodies, and later bud off from plasma membrane in a similar manner as during endocytosis. These cellular vesicles are the functional backbone of most of inter and intracellular transport mechanisms. It becomes imperative to understand their characterization, factors affecting their behavior within and outside the cell. Ubiquitously, nanomaterials are used in biological, medical, pharmaceutical, and biomolecular fields. The combined use of exosomes and nanomaterials may act as useful tools for clinical and diagnostic applications as they reflect the physiological and pathological status of a system. The molecular crowding is a physiological process and controls dissipation of molecular structures that facilitate the effective functions, and determination of cellular physiochemical status. Therefore, it essentiates to appraise the implications of exosomes along with nanomaterials in relation to cellular, biomolecular, physicochemical aspects of interactions and their applications in the biomedical fields. In this review, an effort is made to explore the mechanism of their biogenesis, exosomes functions in association with nanomaterials, molecular crowding, and their structure and functional relationship.