Indonesia has 31.1% of regencies/cities categorized as low-endemic areas. The areas are expected to accelerate the malaria elimination status; meanwhile, it is crucial to reduce the vector density in the area. Vector data updates in malaria-endemic areas are essential in anticipating the transmission and an increase in malaria cases. The purpose of the study was to get information on new malaria vector updates in low-endemic malaria areas in Indonesia. The study was conducted from 2015-2018 in Jambi, Riau Islands, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Central Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, and South Sulawesi. Mosquito and larva collection was performed in low-endemic areas of malaria. We used the night landing collection, animal-baited trap, livestock bait, light trap, and resting morning collection. The Plasmodium was identified from Anopheles samples using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with Plasmodium genus-specific primers. The results showed a new potential vector in low-endemic malaria areas in Indonesia. They are An. vagus (Jambi, Central Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, and Yogyakarta), An. kochi (Jambi), An. dirus and An. barbirostris (Central Kalimantan), and An. subpictus (South Sulawesi). The discovery of the suspected Anopheles species as malaria vectors suggests a potential transmission, and increased cases may occur. Vector surveillance needs to be strengthened to reduce malaria transmission.

Insecticide resistance is a major problem in dengue vector control in Indonesia. Salatiga City, one of Central Java's dengue-endemic areas, has been using insecticide for vector control for decades. To select the insecticide used, it is necessary to understand the status and mechanism of resistance to various insecticides. This study aimed to determine the status and mechanism of Aedes aegypti resistance in Salatiga City. This study used a descriptive method. Larvae were collected from 8 endemic villages in Salatiga City. The larvae were then reared to produce adult mosquitoes. A resistance test was conducted using the WHO-Impregnated paper method on F1 mosquitoes. The insecticides used for the test were malathion 5%, phenytotrione 1% (Organophosphate); Bendiocarb 0.1%, Propoxur 0.1% (Carbamate); Lambda Cyhalothrin 0.03%, Deltamethrin 0.05%, Permethrin 0.25%, and Cypermethrin 0.05.% (Pyretrhoid). To determine the resistance mechanism of the target site mutation, sequencing of the Domain II VGSC and ACE1 genes was carried out. The test results showed that Ae. aegypti from 8 locations were resistant to all insecticides. The highest mortality after 24 hours observation was on organophosphate group. Molecular tests showed that Single Nucleotide Polymorphism had occurred in the S989P and V1016G alleles of the VGSC gene, indicating molecular resistance to Pyretrhoid insecticides. The ACE1 gene sequences showed no mutations in the G119S allele, indicating the possibility of metabolic resistance to organophosphates and carbamates. In case of a dengue outbreak, it is recommended to use organophosphate because it has the highest percentage of mosquito mortality, and only metabolic resistance occurs without target site mutations.