Resumen Esta revisión valoró la eficacia de diferentes modalidades de ejercicio terapéutico en la rehabilitación tras un infarto agudo de miocardio. Se realizó una búsqueda de estudios controlados aleatorizados publicados entre 2016 y 2021 en Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science y Cochrane Library, utilizando los términos MeSH “ exercise therapy ” y “ myocardial infarction ”. Tras aplicar los criterios de selección, se incluyeron diez artículos que utilizaron programas combinados o tradicionales, realizados en el hogar o en el ámbito hospitalario, y que incluyeron entrenamiento de relajación. Se analizaron las variables tolerancia al ejercicio, parámetros cardiovasculares, medidas antropométricas y calidad de vida. En la mayoría de estudios se observaron mejoras significativas en estas variables. Se concluye que todas las modalidades de ejercicio terapéutico estudiadas son útiles en la rehabilitación cardiaca de los pacientes tras infarto de miocardio, y la modalidad que mejores resultados obtiene es el uso de programas combinados de ejercicio terapéutico.
BACKGROUND: The effects of abdominal exercises on the inter-rectus distance are unclear. OBJECTIVE: To compare the inter-rectus distance at rest and during different abdominal exercises: abdominal crunch, abdominal crunch with transversus abdominis pre-activation and hypopressive exercise. METHODS: A transversal experimental study was carried out in 98 healthy adults without diastasis recti abdominis were recruited. Measurements were assessed using ultrasound imaging, and two points were evaluated: just above the umbilicus (U point) and halfway between the U point and the xiphoid (UX point). The inter-rectus distance was measured at rest and during the abdominal exercises. RESULTS: The abdominal crunch with transversus abdominis pre-activation increases the inter-rectus distance in comparison with rest and with abdominal crunch in the U point. CONCLUSION: These results increase the knowledge about the behaviour of the linea alba and inter-rectus distance during abdominal exercises, with practical applications in the rehabilitation of the abdominal wall and low back.
BACKGROUND: The underlying morphology and behavior of abdominal muscles during breathing are still lacking in knowledge in healthy population. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of three different types of breathing on the architectural characteristics of abdominal muscles. METHODS: Ninety-eight healthy subjects were measured to assess the effects of breathing on the abdominal muscles, subjects performed three different types of breathing and the muscular thickness was measured with ultrasound imaging, analyzing also the differences between sexes. RESULTS: During the three different types of breathing and in comparison with the resting state, an increase of the thickness has been reported in the transversus abdominis (p< 0.001; effect size = 2.44, very large) and internal oblique (p< 0.001; effect size = 1.04, moderate) in both sexes, but with a higher increase in men. External oblique and rectus abdominis increased their thickness through breathing only while the lips were with pursed (p< 0.05) with trivial effect sizes and only differences between sexes were found in rectus abdominis. CONCLUSIONS: All breathings activated the deepest abdominal muscles, but the most superficial were only activated with lips pursed. Moreover, men appeared to activate more the deepest abdominal muscles but also the rectus abdominis. Findings in this study support the use of different types of breathing depending on the muscle to be activated or the sex, helping health care professionals to address their interventions on the abdominal muscles with a more focused approach.
Introducción: La espasticidad es una alteración motora que afecta principalmente al SNC, y que se manifiesta en la infancia y en adultos como consecuencia de diferentes patologías neurológicas, ocasionando múltiples problemas. La evolución de la espasticidad es hacia la cronicidad, por lo que su tratamiento debe ser lo más precoz posible. Existen diversas posibilidades terapéuticas, entre las que destaca el tratamiento conservador, con el objetivo de aumentar las actividades diarias, prevenir deformidades, disminuir el tono, mantener rangos articulares y aliviar el dolor. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es comprobar la efectividad del tratamiento conservador, tanto farmacológico como fisioterápico, en la mejora de la espasticidad provocada por distintos desórdenes neurológicos. Desarrollo: Se realizó una revisión sistemática según las normas PRISMA, entre febrero y mayo de 2018, en las bases de datos Medline, Cinahl y Scopus. Se han utilizado los siguientes términos MeSH: "muscle spasticity", "physical therapy" y "drug therapy". Se seleccionaron 13 artículos que se clasificaron según el desorden neurológico y se analizó la calidad metodológica con la escala Jadad. Estos artículos analizan la aplicación de fármacos, fisioterapia o la combinación de ambos para el tratamiento de la espasticidad. Conclusiones: Tanto la fisioterapia, con todas sus técnicas, como la farmacología, resultan eficaces en el tratamiento de la espasticidad. Sin embargo, la combinación de ambas, parece ser el abordaje que mejores resultados obtiene, ya que de manera aislada, ninguna modalidad destaca sobre las demás.
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