The present research is a continuation of other recent studies (Sinha, Jain and Pandey, 1980;Pandey, Kakkar, and Bohra, 1982) related to attributions of the causes of poverty. In that study income and ownership of means of production were considered major determinants of an individual's perspective with respect to attribution processes. The role of perspective in attribution processes has also been emphasized by several others (Mannheim, 1960;Kelley, 1973).This study originated from our conviction that the nature of political affiliation and political ideology greatly determine perspectives affecting perception of social reality. We have observed that different political parties of the right and left have evolved their own perspectives of viewing poverty in India, a predominant and pervasive aspect of social reality. The causes of poverty or the removal of poverty have been the main-spring of many political campaigns. Political parties differ in their ideology with leftist advocating more radical approaches than rightist. It can therefore, be expected that individuals having different political affiliations and ideological beliefs ought to vary in their perception of the poverty phenomena (Rayan, 1972).The argument that ideology affects knowledge and the perception of causes has been a favourite concern of epistomologists and attribution theorists (Heider, 1958;Jones and Davis, 1965;Kelley, 1972Kelley, , 1973. We may characterize ideology as a manner of thinking, a system of values, assumptions and beliefs which affect the perception of social reality. Thus, due to the ideological variations emerging from varied political affiliations, individuals may differ in attribution of causes to poverty. Especially, in this study we have made an attempt to explore how political

This is the 17th volume in the Cross-Cultural Research and Methodological Series. As a collection the present volume reads as an archaeological expedition. A sort of journey to the East, in s.ear.ch of some lurking, almost forgotten, but important wisdom or sites of indigenous psychology. Each chapter tries to dig into the various layers of cultures and tries to find out and reconstruct its indigenous psychology which is buried under the dust of The Psychology. At places this layer of dust seems thin and at times too thick and deeply ingrained. Nonetheless, all admit to the distortions caused by these layers of foreign psychology and the need to remove it. As archaeologists of knowledge know, this is no easy task. One cannot read Treasure Island for the first time again! Innocence, once lost, is lost forever, and all efforts at discovering the beginning are but reconstructions of it.------

This study was designed to assess patterns of family conflict and violence directed toward pregnant women in India. Two hundred and forty women in their first, third, and fourth pregnancies were interviewed using a structured interview with primarily open ended questions. Content analysis provided response categories for constructing categorical and cumulative scales of the families' conflict/violence patterns, coping behaviours, attribution patterns, percieved societal norms, socialisation patterns, and demographic considerations. The conflict/violence frequencies found ranged from mild to severe patterns of abuse that are similar to patterns of abuse found in other cultures. However, the patterns of correlate measures of abuse reflect cultural aspects of family dynamics specific to India. Implications for intervention approaches for women in India and further research in the area are noted.

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We argue that developing integrative models of psychological phenomenon require dealing simultaneously with information-theoretic and meaning making processes at the individual and group levels. Attempts to fuse these across levels based on intentionality become difficult because phenomena at the lower level organisms are conceptualized employing concrete systems language, while in case of human and social systems both concrete and abstracted systems concepts are used. Intentionality also needs to be looked at as arising out of the processes of both being and becoming. Fusing of psycho-and socio-logics necessarily requires taking into consideration psychological processes and notions of intentionality and future within cultural contexts in a more holistic manner. It is also argued that both at personal and collective levels, human intentionality operate as bounded intentionality alternating between states of being and becoming.