The descriptive observational study was conducted over six months among inpatients of the orthopaedics department. The aim is to observe the prescribing pattern of drugs, to find out the percentage of analgesics given and most commonly prescribed analgesic, to compare the prescribed drugs whether they are in NLEM, WHO list and calculate DDD/100 Bed-days and to analyze the drugs for WHO prescribing drugs. A total of 250 patients were included in the study. Out of this, 168 were male, and 82 were female. Most of the patients were in the age group of 31-40[45 in number with 18%]. The most common condition was found to fracture [113 in number with 95.2%]. Commonly prescribed drugs were analgesics 447 with 26.76%. Among all the NSAID's, PCM was most commonly prescribed analgesic with 34.4%. The highest no, of drugs was found to be 4drugs/prescription with 24%. Monthly one analgesic was prescribed per prescription with 38.8%. Utilization of analgesics in term of DDD/100 Bed-days was 55.26; Drugs will be evaluated per prescription as per prescribing indicators of WHO was done, the average no. of drugs per prescription was found to be 0.45, percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name was found to be 13.3%, percentage of encounters with antibiotics prescribed were found to be 94.4%, In ratio percentage of drugs prescribed from the national list of essential medicine was found to be 92.6%. This study would help to facilitate better health care delivery.

Foramen ovale is seen in the base of the skull connecting the infratemporal fossa and middle cranial fossa. Knowledge of the exact location and dimensions of foramen ovale is essential for trigeminal rhizotomy, electroencephalogram of the temporal lobe and endonasal endoscopic trans-sphenoidal approach to the infratemporal fossa. In this literature review, articles reporting morphology, morphometry, and variations of foramen ovale in Indian skulls from standard databases between 1979 and 2022 were selected. The sample size ranged between 20 and 250 skulls. The common shape observed was oval (96.9%) and duplication of foramen ovale was seen commonly on the right-side. The presence of accessory bony structures, namely spine, tubercle, spur, septa and bar was reported but was difficult to compare due to a lack of uniform classification. The length, breadth, and area of foramen ovale ranged from 5.0-8.9 mm, 3.1-6.0 mm, and 19.1-34.2 mm2 , respectively. In the majority of the studies, no significant difference was observed in these parameters between the sides and between the sexes. These data will be useful while attempting surgical or invasive procedures in the skull base of Indian subjects and help to avoid damage to the structures passing through the foramen ovale and the resulting complications.