Wildlife species have faced the impacts of human dominion over the world throughout history. More recently, there has been increased global protection for endangered species as a result of greater awareness and concern for biodiversity. Conservationists are becoming increasingly concerned about the pervasive issue of conflicts between human and wildlife interests, especially as it relates to large carnivores that have the potential to harm both cattle and people. Pre-conflict mitigation refers to proactive measures like fences while post-conflict mitigation refers to compensation payments for lost animals. Both can be used to lessen conflicts between wild animals and livestock owners. The goal of compensation programs is to raise people’s understanding of wildlife. But compensation programs are frequently criticized for being insufficient, difficult, and expensive. Compensation programs must be part of a comprehensive approach that includes options for controlling offending animals, proactive mitigation measures, and, in some cases, broader financial incentives for changes in land use practices in order to be more effective. The latter method has been used in India and several African countries. This chapter deals with various human-animal conflicts and their mitigation strategies. Despite these problems, conservation is likely to become increasingly utilized as biodiversity becomes increasingly threatened and methods of ameliorating threats lag behind.

Giriraja is a dual purpose bird suitable for backyard rearing and intensive system of management. Because of its sturdy and resistant nature, it can easily acclimatize itself to any region and weather. A field level study was undertaken to evaluate efficiency of production performance of Giriraja and Desi birds in 32 households each 20 birds under backyard system of rearing in Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu state with respect to age at sexual maturity, average weight at first egg, average live weight at 28 th week and hen day egg production at 52 weeks of age. The average live weight gain of Giriraja birds after 6 months was 2.127 kg which was higher than that of Desi birds (1.100kg). Age at sexual maturity was ranged between 155.00-157.02 days in Giriraja birds whereas the age at sexual maturity in Desi birds was 181.17-182.25. The mean weight at first egg was 45g in Giriraja whereas 38g in Desi birds. The egg production up to 52 wks of age was ranged from 202.56-206.12 in Giriraja and 91.78-93.61 in Desi birds. Moreover, the average weight of chicks of Giriraja and Desi birds at day old age observed was 50.2g and 41.8g, respectively.

One of the economically important zoonotic diseases of livestock in the world is leptospirosis and is

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| A rural goat farm with 93non-descript goats were investigated for the complaint of emaciation, weight loss and fluctuating palpable masses in various parts of the body. Out of 93 goats, 12 were found to have cysts on dorsal lumbar, right flank and prescapular areas and identified as Coenurus gaigeri. All the goats were treated with Fenbendazole 7.5mg/kg orally.