Water is one of the most important compound that comprises our largest planet' (earth), and is the fluids of most organisms that are living on earth [1]. It constantly circulates in between atmosphere and earth surfaces, which includes the land, rivers, lakes, ponds and oceans that make up our planet. 70.9% of the earth surfaces are covered by water, and of which about 97% is found in salt water oceans, 2.4% are ice caps, 0.6% are land surface water such as rivers, lakes and ponds, 1.6% water is retained in the ground water, and the remaining 0.001% is found as vapor, clouds and precipitation [1,2]. Africa appears to have abundance water resources including more than 17 big rivers, which covered over 1,700,000 km 2 , more than 160 lakes, which covered larger than 27 km 2 catchments, vast wetlands, and limited but widespread. The annual average precipitation of Africa is plentiful, as compared to that of Europe and North America [3]. Water in Africa is mainly uses for agriculture and domestic purpose. However, utilization of water for industry purpose is very low, which is estimated to be only 3.8% of total annual renewable water resources [4]. Our country Ethiopia, has totally 12 river basins with annual runoff volume of 122 billion m 3 of water, and the estimated runoff is equivalent to 2.6-6.5 billion m 3 of ground water potential. Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, has a number of rivers, which are the tributary of main/big/tiliku and little/small/tinishu Akaki River [5]. For example, Kebena, Banche Yeketu, Kortame, Bulbula, Lequ Soramba and kotebe and Fincha, rivers are the main tributaries of the Akaki Rivers [6]. Both of the big and small Akaki rivers are the main branches of Akaki river, which are flowing into the southern direction of Aba-Samuel Lakes [7]. The Great Akaki river rises from northeastern part (Entoto Kidane Miheret Mountain area) of Addis Ababa city and flows into the eastern part of city [6], and finally runs into Aba-Samuel dam after 53 km.

Objective. The objective was to investigate factors that affect the efficient management of solid waste produced by commercial businesses operating in the city of Pretoria, South Africa. Methods. Data was gathered from 1,034 businesses. Efficiency in solid waste management was assessed by using a structural time-based model designed for evaluating efficiency as a function of the length of time required to manage waste. Data analysis was performed using statistical procedures such as frequency tables, Pearson's chi-square tests of association, and binary logistic regression analysis. Odds ratios estimated from logistic regression analysis were used for identifying key factors that affect efficiency in the proper disposal of waste. Results. The study showed that 857 of the 1,034 businesses selected for the study (83%) were found to be efficient enough with regards to the proper collection and disposal of solid waste. Based on odds ratios estimated from binary logistic regression analysis, efficiency in the proper management of solid waste was significantly influenced by 4 predictor variables. These 4 influential predictor variables are lack of adherence to waste management regulations, wrong perception, failure to provide customers with enough trash cans, and operation of businesses by employed managers, in a decreasing order of importance.

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Risky sexual behavior increases the likelihood of adverse sexual and reproductive health consequences such as unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortion and sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS. Adolescent in Sub Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia are highly risky to various risky sexual behaviors. The aim of this study is to assess the magnitude of risky sexual behavior Among High School and Preparatory School Students in Mizan town, Ethiopia.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Schools based cross sectional study design were conducted from April 23 – 27, 2016 in high school and preparatory school students in Mizan town and the data will be collected through self-administered questionnaire. Total of 308 study subject were included in the study. Individuals were selected through simple random sampling techniques. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 20.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 308 study subjects were participated. About 204 (66%) of them were between the age of 16-18 years. The overall risk sexual behaviors of the respondents were about 158 (51.3%). Regarding to their sexual partner, about 20(18.87%) of them were had sex with commercial sex workers.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> A considerable number of students have practiced risky sexual behavior that might predispose them to different sexual and reproductive health problems. Risky sexual behaviors were proven by having sex under the influence of alcohol and khat, having multiple sexual partners, having sexual intercourse with commercial sex workers and low practice of utilization of condoms.</p>

Microfinance institutions render essential services to start-up small, micro, medium-sized enterprises (SMMEs) by way of extending loans to entrepreneurs. SMMEs operating in South Africa have relatively better access to microfinance loans in comparison with those operating in Nigeria, Kenya and Ethiopia. A survey was conducted in order to compare the relative ease of access to microfinance loans in South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and Ethiopia based on a survey conducted in the four Sub-Saharan African countries. The ease of access to microfinance loans was assessed based on criteria defined by Barry and Tacneng (2014). A total of 401 SMMEs participated in the study. Loan applicants were asked to provide answers to questions that indicated the ease of securing loans and meeting loan repayment conditions. Emphasis was placed on the demand for collateral as a requirement for extending loans to applicants, the assessment of entrepreneurial and auditing skills of loan applicants, the difficulty of meeting loan repayment conditions, and adherence to regulations and guidelines recommended by governments. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate methods of data analyses were used for data analyses. The study found that about 21% of SMMEs were satisfied with the ease of securing loans, whereas the remaining 79% of SMMEs did not. The ease of access to microfinance loans varied by country in which South African loan applicants were the most satisfied in comparison with the remaining three countries. Securing microfinance loans, as well as fulfilling loan repayment conditions were easiest in South Africa, and most difficult in Ethiopia. In terms of ease of securing loans and meeting loan repayment conditions, the order of nations was ranked as South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and Ethiopia. In all four countries, the ease of access to microfinance loans was influenced by country of business operation, extent of benefits realized by SMMEs, and highest level of formal education.

One of the priority needs of Small, Micro and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMMEs) that operate in Alexandra Township is to adopt effective marketing strategies that are recommended by Mooradian, Matzler and Ring (2012) and Kotler and Keller (2012), in which emphasis is placed on setting the right selling price of products, offering the right product, utilising the right promotion strategies for products, and rendering services to customers at the right place. Information needed for the survey was gathered from 108 operators of SMMEs in Alexandra Township. Ordered logit and Bayesian methods were used for estimating predictors of effective marketing. The study found that 63 of the 108 respondents who were selected for the study (58%) possessed adequate marketing skills and capabilities, whereas the remaining 45 respondents (42.23%) were incapable of marketing their goods and services effectively. Results obtained from logit and Bayesian analysis showed that 3 factors affected the ability to market goods and services effectively (access to credit facility for ordering stock, access to loan from money-lending institutions, and ability to network with wholesale suppliers and retailers).