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There have been several studies on analyses using finely meshed finite‐element (FE) models to understand in detail the behaviors of buildings during severe earthquakes. The accuracy of such analyses is often validated by comparing the results to the corresponding full‐scale shaking‐table test. While this approach is highly successful in terms of accuracy, no studies have considered the effect of fractures of members. In this study, numerical analyses are conducted for a steel structure subjected to multiple series of excitations in a full‐scale shaking‐table test considering fractures. The structure is modeled with planar and solid finite elements, and the fracture is treated by the mandatory deletion of elements at the time at which the fracture is observed in the experiment. The results show that by considering the fracture of steel members with the deletion of elements, the history of input excitations, and the resulting damages, the behaviors can be simulated analytically with a much higher accuracy.

The paper deals with the exterior design of town houses both inside and outside monument zone of the eastern part of Bhaktapur in Kathmandu Valley registered as a World Cultural Heritage site in 1979. Analysis consists of following steps. Firstly, authors composed the original format of survey sheet on facades for Nepali town houses. Secondly, the paper submits a hypothesis on extension/ reconstruction with regard to �eaves types' de�ned by the paper. Then the paper compared fa�ade designs by eaves types inside monument zone with those outside monument zone. Finally, Eaves types are con�rmed with reconstruction or �oor extension period.

An earthquake with a magnitude of 7.8 (M w) occurred at 11:56 NST (local time) on 25 April 2015, in the central part of Nepal (Gorkha).We organized a damage survey team and dispatched it to the affected area for several periods following the earthquake (May 26 to June 3: first trip, June 17 to 24: second trip, August 16 to 21: third trip and October 27 to November 2: forth trip) to investigate the damage and collect data. We found traditional construction methods are stronger than imagined. Many traditional earthquake-resistance technologies exist in Nepal. The first and second surveys were to collect timely statistical information on the damage to brick and stone masonry buildings and to confirm the availability of data and their sources for subsequent surveys. We also carried out a first-hand building damage survey in selected areas. The investigation of the strong-motion data set from the USGS Center for Engineering Strong Motion Data includes information from stations in Nepal that continued to function throughout the main shock and the several subsequent strong aftershocks of the 2015 earthquake. The third and fourth surveys were to collect the every building damage survey in selected areas. The motivation behind the survey was to obtain ground truth data for the calibration and improvement of a wide-area damage estimation system that uses satellite data; the system is currently under development by National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NEID) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). A survey of the degree of damage was conducted for every house in Sankhu and Khokana by the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS)-98. This report outlines the findings of this investigation team into various aspects of the earthquake disaster in the Kathmandu Valley. The motivation behind the survey was to obtain ground truth data for the calibration and improvement of a wide-area damage estimation system that uses satellite data. Field surveys confirmed that the severely damaged urban area was well detected by the decrease derived from the ALOS-2 satellite SAR data. The higher classification accuracy for non-damaged area helps to detect the damaged urban area using this technique, immediately after a disaster. Keywords Gorkha Á Nepal earthquake Á Kathmandu Á Masonry Á Ground truth 1 Introduction An earthquake with a magnitude of 7.8 (M w) occurred at 11:56 Nepal Standard Time (NST), (local time) on 25 April 2015, in the central part of Nepal (Gorkha).