ObjectivesTo clarify the association between toothbrushing and risk factors for cardiovascular disease—namely, hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidaemia (DL), hyperuricaemia (HUA) and chronic kidney disease (CKD).DesignA large-scale, single-centre, cross-sectional study.SettingSt Luke's International Hospital, Center for Preventive Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, between January 2004 and June 2010.ParticipantsThis study examined the toothbrushing practices of 85 866 individuals according to the 3-category frequency criterion: ‘after every meal’, ‘at least once a day’ and ‘less than once a day’. The ORs by frequency were calculated for the prevalences of HT, DM, DL, HUA and CKD according to binominal logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, gender, body mass index and lifestyle habits—smoking, drinking, walk time and sleep time.ResultsThe prevalences of the risk factors were as follows: HT (‘after every meal’: 13.3%, ‘at least once a day’: 17.9% and ‘less than once a day’: 31.0%), DM (3.1%, 5.3% and 17.4%, respectively), DL (29.0%, 42.1% and 60.3%, respectively), HUA (8.6%, 17.5% and 27.2%, respectively) and CKD (3.8%, 3.1% and 8.3%, respectively). The prevalences were significantly higher in the ‘less than once a day’ group than in the ‘after every meal’ group for DM (OR=2.03; 95% CI 1.29 to 3.21) and DL (OR=1.50; 95% CI 1.06 to 2.14), but not for HT, HUA and CKD.ConclusionsEven taking into account lifestyle habits, a lower frequency of toothbrushing was associated with high prevalences of DM and DL. Toothbrushing practices may be beneficial for oral health improvement and also for prevention of certain systemic diseases.

Objective: In Japan, the possible adverse events upon HPV vaccination was widely reported in the media. MHLW announced the suspension of aggressively encouraging HPV vaccination in 2013, and inoculation rate has sharply declined. The aim of the present study was estimation of future cervical cancer risk.Methods: The latest data on vaccination rate at each age in Sakai City were first investigated. The rate of experiencing sexual intercourse at the age of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and throughout lifetime is assumed to be 0%, 1%, 2%, 5%, 15%, 25%, and 85% respectively. The cervical cancer risk was regarded to be proportional to the relative risk of HPV infection over the lifetime. The risk in those born in 1993 whom HPV vaccination was not available yet for was defined to be 1.0000.Results: The cumulative vaccination rates were 65.8% in those born in 1994, 72.7% in 1995, 72.8% in 1996, 75.7% in 1997, 75.0% in 1998, 66.8% in 1999, 4.1% in 2000, 1.5% in 2001, 0.1% in 2002, and 0.1% in 2003. The relative cervical cancer risk in those born in 1994–1999 was reduced to 0.56–0.70, however, the rate in those born in 2000–2003 was 0.98–1.0, almost the same risk as before introduction of the vaccine.Discussion: The cumulative initial vaccination rates were different by the year of birth. It is confirmed that the risk of future cervical cancer differs in accordance with the year of birth. For these females, cervical cancer screening should be recommended more strongly.

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Toothbrushing practices 'after every meal' prevented developing DM in males and DL in females significantly. Toothbrushing practices may be beneficial to reduce developing risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

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